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奥古斯丁是如何解释人间恶的存在?

答案

参考答案:

奥古斯丁接受了早前把恶定义为“缺乏”的解释,将恶定义为“背离本性,趋向非存在……”。按照恶的定义,一切被称作恶的东西可分为三类:

第一类是“物理的恶”,指事物的自然属性造成的损失和伤害,如自然灾害。奥古斯丁否认了将一切原因归咎于上帝创世的不完善,物理的恶不但无损于上帝的善,而且衬托、显扬出上帝的善。

第二类是“认识的恶”,指真理与谬误、确定与不确定的认识秩序的颠倒。认识的恶的原因是人类理智的不完善,同样不能归咎于上帝,也不影响上帝智慧的绝对完善性。

第三类是“伦理的恶”,只有这类恶才称得上罪恶。奥古斯丁说罪恶是“人类意志的反面”,不是说罪恶与人类意志无关,而是说罪恶是意志的背逆活动。也就是说,罪恶不是上帝的创造,而在于意志内部的缺陷,即人类意志自身的不完善性。却能衬托上帝的全知、善、能

换句话说,奥古斯丁把人间罪恶的根源归咎于意志自由。

完形填空

Three small fish lived in the sea. When they were very young, their parents died. They had to      each other day after day. Finally, they        up and dared to swim deeper and further.

One morning, the three fish were      to a shallow (浅) water by a big wave (浪). A small boat was taken there, too. It was hard for the fish to go back to the sea because the boat was fight in front of them. The largest fish realized that they were      and said they had to find a way to leave there as fast as possible. The second largest fish        with his elder brother, but the youngest one did not. He said that there was much       for their activities, so he would not worry at all and still swam around     . At last, the largest fish returned to the pond by         over the lowest part of the boat. The second         fish also succeeded in joining his older brother in the other side of water. But the youngest one didn't follow them and still swam joyfully.

Two hours later, when the        rose up, the water in the small shallow corner dried up. The fish who did not try to return to the sea died of lack(缺乏)of water.

小题1:A. listen to         B. look after        C. talk with   

小题2:A. grow           B. grew            C. grown     

小题3:A. allowed         B. given           C. taken

小题4:A. in safety        B. in doubt          C. in danger    

小题5:A. agreed          B. talked           C. compared      

小题6:A. time           B. food            C. water      

小题7:A. slowly          B. sadly           C. happily

小题8:A. jumps          B. jumped          C. jumping  

小题9:A. large           B. largest          C. larger        

小题10:A. storm          B. stars           C. sun

单项选择题