问题 问答题


阅读下列技术说明,根据要求回答问题1~问题4。
[说明]
某单位局域网拓扑结构如图4-14所示,交换机Switch1~Switch3互相通过快速以太网端口连接。在交换机Switch2上创建有基于端口的VLAN,其中f0/3属于VLAN 3,f0/4属于VLAN5。交换机Switch3上也创建有基于端口的VLAN,其中f0/3属于VLAN 3,f0/4属于VLAN5。PC1、PC2、PC23、PC24的 IP地址分别为192.168.1.11/24、192.168.1.12/24、192.168.1.13/24、192.168.1.14/24。

连接于交换机Switch2的用户报告无法相互通信。网络管理员发现Switch2的foil端口指示灯急剧闪烁。在Switch2配置模式下,使用show interface fastethernet0/1得到的系统信息如图4-16所示。


(1)此时,交换机Switch2的f0/1端口处于STP的什么状态
(2)当管理员关闭Switch2的f0/2端口时,f0/1端口指示灯经过一小段时间后显示正常。在这一小段时间里,Switch2的f0/1端口状态经过了哪些状态转换
(3)造成这一故障现象的原因可能是什么

答案

参考答案:

解析:(1)Forwardins或转发状态 (2)Blocking→Listening→Learning→Forwarding (3)网络中出现逻辑回路,造成数据帧的无限循环和重复接发,而导致网络广播风暴的发生[要点解析] 为了防止出现一条链路或一台交换机的单点失效问题,在网络工程建设时往往部署有冗余的链路和交换机。例如,在图4-14中交换机Switch1~Switch3互相通过快速以太网端口连接,形成了一个物理回路。而生成树协议(STP)是一个数据链路层的管理协议。其主要功能是在保证网络中没有回路的基础上,允许在第二层链路中提供冗余路径,以保证网络可靠、稳定地运行。换言之,STP通过改变冗余端口的工作状态来阻断网络中的部分冗余路径,使其成为备份链路,以保证在任何两个终端站点之间只存在一条激活的路径,从而避免回路的产生。 交换机之间通过桥接协议数据单元(BPDU)来交换各自的状态信息。STP通过发送BPDU信息选出网络中根交换机和根节点端口,并为每个网段选出根节点端口和指定端口。一个网段中只有1个指定端口。生成树协议为每个网段选择1个指定端口,其他的端口均处于阻塞状态,称这些其他端口为阻塞端口。换言之,除了根端口和指定端口进入转发状态之外,交换机的其他端口都将置为阻塞状态。交换机端口的各种工作状态说明如表4-17所示。

在默认情况下,交换机在刚加电启动时,每个端口都要经历生成树的4个阶段:阻塞、侦听、学习、转发。在能够转发用户的数据包之前,某个端口可能最多要等待50s的时间(包含20s的阻塞时间、15s的侦听延迟时间、15s的学习延迟时间)。需要强调的是,端口在Blocking状态时仍能接收BPDU信息。 连接于交换机Switch2的用户报告无法相互通信。网络管理员发现Switch2的f0/1端口指示灯急剧闪烁。这一故障现象说明网络中出现了逻辑回路,造成了数据帧的无限循环和重复接发,从而导致网络广播风暴的发生。 在Switch2配置模式下,使用show interface fastethemet0/1查看端口f0/1的状态信息。由图4-16中的信息可知,端口f0/1的当前工作状态处于up。而此时网络中又出现了广播风暴的现象。由此间接得知, f0/1端口应处于STP的Forwarding(转发)状态。 由图4-14的网络拓扑结构可知,当管理员关闭Switch2的f0/2端口时,将切断网络中的逻辑回路。交换机通过BPDU学习得到这一端口状态的变化情况,并运行生成树算法重新计算pning-tree。此时,网络已经不存在逻辑回路,数据帧将得到正常的接收与发送,Switch2的f0/1端口指示灯将恢复正常显示。 由于Switch2需要进行STP的重新计算,因此f0/1端口将经过Blocking→Listening→Learning→ Forwarding的状态转换过程。

阅读理解

A ban on smoking in most public places goes into effect(效果) on Sunday in China - home to a third of the world's smokers. That means around 300 million smokers will no longer be allowed to light their cigarettes in the "enclosed public places." These include hotels, restaurants, theaters and public transport waiting rooms. The ban does not cover offices or factories.

The campaign is aimed at controlling(控制) the number of deaths from smoking-related illnesses, running at a million a year. According to the World Health Organization, more than 3,000 people die every day in China because of smoking. Health experts also hope it will help Chinese to raise the knowledge of the dangers of smoking.

But the new rules have been criticized because they do not include punishments(处罚) for those who choose not to obey them.Most people worry that Chinese smoking ban may have little effect.

Business owners often hate rules that force(强迫) them to ban smoking on their restaurants, bar, cafe..., because many customers(顾客) do not like the rules and complain. Often you find people smoking at the next table while you are eating your meal or having a drink in a bar.

It appears that many Chinese people don’t know the dangers of smoking. Research suggests only one in four knows the harm(害处) cigarettes or second-hand smoke can cause.

At the same time the government makes a lot of money from the sales of cigarettes by the state-owned firms that make and sell all tobacco products throughout the country.

小题1:The word “ban” in the first sentence means         .

A. 禁令                          B. 责骂                         C. 罚款

小题2: Every year          people died in China from smoking-related illnesses.

A. more than 3,000                  B. about a million                 C. nearly 300 million

小题3: According to the new ban, smokers can smoke         .

A. in the restaurants                 B. in the airport waiting room        C. in the office

小题4: We can find      reasons in the passage to explain why people worry about the effect of the ban.

A. three                           B. four                         C. five

小题5:. The best title for this passage is         .

A. A new ban on smoking in China     

B. Smoking culture in China

C. Dangers of smoking in China      

名词解释