问题 问答题 简答题

构成竞技体育群体要素有哪些?试述运动员群体的主要特征?

答案

参考答案:

1)群体成员的需求;2)群体规范;3)竞争对象;4)竞技实力。运动员是社会的一个特殊的群体,也是体育界的一个标志性群体,对这个群体的研究是体育社会学的重要任务。本书阐述的运动员指带有职业训练性质的运动员,而不是泛指一般群众体育比赛中的运动员。

运动员是竞技体育的主体,是竞技文化的创造者,也是人类基本价值观念的负载者。他们与教练员构成了运动训练的一对矛盾,又与观众之间构成运动竞赛的一对矛盾。运动员在当今世界是一种重要的社会角色。因此,运动员是体育社会学的重要研究对象。

运动员具有较同龄人更强的主体意识和竞争性,这是因为他们较早地离开了家庭,开始独立生活,运动员特定的行为方式培养了他们的竞争性。他们的社会需求具有多层次性和多样性,他们追求的功利有国家的、社会的,也有家庭的、个人的,有物质的,也有精神的;他们具有创造意识、挑战意识和攻击意识,心理指向比较积极;他们的文化程度偏低,但生活阅历和经验较同龄人丰富。

运动员是一种社会榜样,他们常常作为一种民族英雄、青年楷模来塑造和宣传的。他们是社会忠诚的形象代表。他们要倾其全力忠诚于他们所从属的国家或团体。

运动员还是一种需要继续社会化的社会角色、运动员的年龄一般在15~25岁之间。在他们服役期间,要在学业、生活、婚恋等许多方面做出牺牲,社会应对他们今后的生活全面负责。他们自己应正确理解自己的处境,做好继续社会化的准备。

中国运动员的“早衰”现象、淘汰率高的问题、后备力量不足的问题、运动生涯结束后的出路问题等,都是体育社会学关心的课题。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

    As a child, I was really afraid of the dark and of getting lost. These fears were very real and caused me

some uncomfortable moments.

    Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my own room at night that scared me so

much. There was never complete darkness, but always a streetlight or passing car lights, which made clothes

on the back of a chair take on the shape of a wild animal. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw the curtains (窗

帘) seem to move when there was no wind. A very low sound in the floor would seem a hundred times louder

than in the day. My imagination (想象) would run wild, and my heart would beat fast. I would lie very still so

that the "enemy (敌人)" would not discover me.

    Another of my childhood fears was that I would get lost, especially on the way home from school. Every

morning I got on the school bus right near my home. That was no problem. After school, though, when all the

buses were lined up along the street, I was afraid that I would get in the wrong one and be taken to some other

strange places. On school or family trips to a park or a museum, I wouldn't let the leaders out of my sight.

    Perhaps one of the worst fears of all I had as a child was that of not being liked or accepted by others.

Being popular was so important to me then, and the fear of not being liked was a serious one.

    One of the processes (过程) growing up is being able to realize and overcome our fears. Understanding the

things that scared us as children helps us achieve greater success later in life.

1. The author had _____ kind (s) of fears when she was a child. [ ]

A. one

B. two

C. three

D. none

2. _____ would scare the author at night. [ ]

A. Streetlight and car lights

B. Strange sights and sounds

C. Walking up and down the room

D. Wild animals and enemies

3. When she went to some other places, she would _____. [ ]

A. walk away without others

B. take a bus by herself

C. make sure not to take a wrong bus

D. follow others closely

4. Which of the following would be possibly true when she was a child? [ ]

A. She always got poor grades (=marks).

B. She was always the leader of the others.

C. She was usually popular among people.

D. She was hated by others, for she always walked ahead of the others.

5. The underlined word "overcome" means "_____" in Chinese. [ ]

A. 接受

B. 忍受

C. 克服

D. 信服

单项选择题