问题 问答题 简答题

简述生命哲学的两种主要类型。

答案

参考答案:

由于生命哲学作为一种哲学思潮出现与浪漫主义的文学运动及生物科学的兴起关系密切,因此它虽然包含了各种不同派系,但它们大都与这二者相关,生命哲学由此表现为生物学倾向和历史——文化倾向两种主要类型。

⑴生物学倾向的生命哲学派系往往与对生命现象的活力论和新活力论的解释有密切联系。这些派系的哲学家大都受到19世纪末自然科学革命的影响,对单纯从力学观点解释生命现象、把整个有机自然界的发展看做量的渐进的机械进化论作了尖锐批判,试图用运动变化和整体联系的观点说明生命现象。

⑵历史——文化倾向的生命哲学主要是从人的生命历史和文化意义的角度来进行哲学思考。在此所谓生命大体上是指人的生活经验。生命不是作为一种外在地给予的对象,而是人的存在的直接和内在的呈现的过程。换言之,不是作为一种自然现象的外在生命,而是作为反思主体的人内在地体验和领悟到的生命。这种内在生命超越了外在生命的被动性,包含了主动的参与的动态意义。它的形态往往是合目的性的,即追求有待实现和达到的价值。

单项选择题 共用题干题
单项选择题

(一) Friends play an important part in our lives, and although we may take the friendship for granted, we often don’t clearly understand how we make friends. While we get on well with a number of people, we are usually friends with only a very few, for example, the average among students is about 6 per person. In all the eases of friendly relationships, two people like one another and enjoy being together, but beyond that, the degree of intimacy between them and the reasons for their shared interest vary enormously. As we get to know people we take into account things like age, race, economic condition, social position, and intelligence. Although these factors are not of prime importance, it is more difficult to get on with people when there is a marked difference in age and background. Some friendly relationships can be kept on argument and discussion, but it is usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs, to have attitudes and interests in common--they often talk about ’ being on the same wavelength’. It generally takes time to reach this point. And the more intimately involved people become, the more they rely on one another. People want to do friends favors and hate to break a promise. Equally, friends have to learn to put up with annoying habits and to tolerate differences of opinion. In contrast with marriage, there are no friendship ceremonies to strengthen the association between two people. But the supporting and understanding of each other that results from shared experiences and emotions does seem to create a powerful bond, which can overcome differences in background, and break down barriers of age, class or race.

When we make friends, we consider such things as age, race, and background, because______

A.it is not easy to have a friendly relationship with people when there is a marked difference in age and background

B.the degree of friendship between two people and the reasons for their shared interest can vary greatly

C.friends need to know all these things

D.these are the most important factors to make friends