问题 问答题 简答题

简述实证主义的基本内容。

答案

参考答案:

①就基本思想路线说,实证主义可以说是对传统形而上学提出怀疑的休谟经验主义哲学在新的历史条件下的继续,但又根据新的形势对休谟等的理论作了许多修改和补充。这表现在他们仍然把经验当做全部哲学的基础,但认为经验应是按照实证自然科学的要求获得的,具有科学的意义和价值,能为科学所检验。②他们企图以此克服传统经验主义哲学的思辩性和抽象性,以便不仅不会像传统经验主义那样被理性派思辩哲学驳倒,反而可以驳倒这种思辩哲学。

③他们继承和发展了休谟的现象主义,不仅要求把哲学局限于现象(经验)范围,否定认识经验以外的实在(物质或精神)的可能性,而且明确提出要抛弃对世界的基础、本质本体论问题的研究,不过他们又企图通过要求超越心物、主客、思有等二元对立来避免或冲淡休谟过分的怀疑论色彩,强调人类知识的力量,强调运用实证科学改造自然和社会的可能性。④在方论上,他们大都抛弃了17世纪—18世纪哲学家从力学所移入的机械论,接受了19世纪以来自然科学方法。他们承认自然界和社会的运动变化,但他们主要是用当时在自然科学中有较大影响的进化论来解释运动变化,反对黑格尔主义相关的理性主义的辩证法。

⑤在社会政治问题上他们一般避免公开站在保守、反动的方面,表示提倡科学、进步和改革,但又不赞成各种形态的革命理论。

阅读理解

Three friends, Tom, David and John, came to New York for their holiday. They stayed in a very large hotel. Their room was on the 45th floor.

In the evening, the three men went to the cinema and came back to the hotel very late.

“I’m very sorry,” said the man of the hotel, “but our lifts(电梯) do not work tonight. If you don’t want to walk up to your room, I’ll make beds for you in the hall(大厅). ”

“No, thanks,” said Tom, “we don’t want to sleep in the hall. We will walk up to the 45th floor. But I know how to make it easier. On the way to our room, I’ll tell you some jokes. Then you, David, will sing us some songs. Then you, John, will tell us some stories, all right?”

So they began to walk upstairs. Tom told them many jokes. David sang them some songs. At last they came to the 34th floor. They were tired and had a rest.

“Well,” said Tom. “Now it’s your turn, John. After all these jokes and songs, tell us a long and interesting story with a sad ending. ”

“OK, I’ll tell a sad story,” said John, “It’s not long but very sad. I forgot to bring the key to our room with me. It’s still in the hall. ”

小题1:The three friends came to New York to         .

A.sing songs

B.tell jokes

C.spend their holiday

D.find work小题2:They had to walk up to their room because        .

A. there was something wrong with the lifts B. the man of the hotel wanted them to do that

B. they wanted to take exercise             D. they came back very late

小题3:      said he knew how to make it easier for them to walk up to their room.

A.The man of the hotel

B.Tom

C.David

D.John小题4:They felt very sad at last because        .

A.they were tired

B.they lost their key in the cinema

C.the man didn’t make beds for them

D.they didn’t have the key to the room with them小题5:The best title (标题) for this passage is “      ”.

A.A sad story

B.A long journey

C.A large hotel

D.A bad lift

单项选择题