问题 问答题 论述题

康德道德学说述评。

答案

参考答案:康德认为道德实践的基础是纯粹理性,纯粹理性不受任何外在因素制约,因而是自由的。自由是道德活动的先决条件,唯有自由的意志,才能自觉自主的行善,被迫的和为外在目的而为的并不能算作行善。

自由自决的纯粹理性以自身为目的,这样的纯粹理性只能是善良意志。善良意志是对“自由意志”的深化,自由意志是以善良意志为目的的,因为否则的话,即使它做了趋善避恶的选择,也不是自由的选择,因而只有以善为目的,才能达到真正的自由。善良意志以自身为目的,自己立法自己守法,这就是道德自律。善良意志通过绝对命令实现道德自律。绝对命令以直言句表达,没有条件句。任何行为规则都是主观的,都是我自己的判断为依据,但我的判断必须符合理性的普遍要求,即以此行为的合理性为自身的目的,我的规则同时也就成为普遍规律。这样,绝对命令就有了合理性、普遍性和自足性,因此它是理性的自律。为了达到至善,除了绝对命令以外,还要辅之以道德公设,帮助人们培养向善的勇气,这样的公设有三:其一是意志自由,其二是灵魂不朽,其三是上帝存在。

康德的道德学说以理性自律为基础,体现了启蒙以来的时代精神,凸现了主体的能动意识,从思辨理性的高度概括出了时代的精华。然而另一方面,康德的道德学说具有极端形式主义的特点,在实践中往往是软弱无力的。

判断题
填空题

Part 4


Questions 26-45


·Read the following passage and decide which answer best fits each space.
·For questions 26-45, mark one letter A, B, C or D on the Answer Sheet.
Participation (26) high school sports is not a constitutional right. (27) , it is a privilege, paid for by taxpayers, open to students who promise to (28) certain conduct requirements on and off the field. One of these promises is to (29) from using drugs. Drug use is a serious problem among high school students. Studies show that as many as 500, 000 high school students use muscle-pumping, life-destroying substances such as steroids. Many more use illegal drugs, (30) cause discipline problems and (31) the stage for lifelong (32) .
Drug testing works to (33) and identify use. That is why drug testing is required to compete in the Olympics, the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the National Football League. (34) drug testing was instituted by these organizations, use of performance- (35) drugs has been greatly reduced. We should want (36) in schools.
Indeed, many athletes (37) testing programs, and no wonder. Without testing, athletes have to choose between drug use and a competitive disadvantage (38) the field.
Those who challenge the need for drug testing may be forgetting (39) it is like be an adolescent. Peer pressure is enormous, and one of the few effective counter-weights is the fear of being caught. More importantly, once drug use is (40) , a school can (41) to the student before he or she gets addicted or arrested.
For 25 years, public schools (42) by federal judges and civil libertarians, with results everyone can see. It is time (43) decisions on how to run public schools locally (44) officials. There is nothing unconstitutional about asking those who gain the advantages of school-sponsored athletics to contribute to the safety of other players, the integrity of the game and their own well-being. The Supreme Court should leave these programs (45) .

A.reliable

B.respectable

C.responsible

D.accountable