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简述艺术批评的类型。

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参考答案:

解析:在艺术批评史上出现过多种批评类型,主要都是围绕“客体世界”、“艺术家”、“艺术作品”、“读者(接受者)”等艺术活动要素进行的。常见的艺术批评类型:社会历史批评、心理学批评、文本批评、接受批评。①社会历史批评立足于“客体世界”来评价艺术,强调艺术作品必然自觉或不自觉地打上这个社会历史环境的印记。艺术作品价值的高低取决于它对社会历史生活的深刻反映程度以及对社会生活的影响力。如19世纪法国丹纳在其《艺术哲学》中从种族、环境和时代三要素出发,进行艺术批评。②心理学批评从创作主体——艺术家的精神世界入手来评价艺术。它既可以从艺术家的创作动机、创作中的心理活动来理解艺术作品,也可以从艺术作品折射出的心理因素出发来反观艺术家的心理状态。如20世纪奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德运用精神分析方法来研究艺术现象和艺术作品。③文本批评认为艺术作品本身是一个自足的整体,其意蕴和魅力需要从文本去寻求。尤其注重艺术作品的文本语言和物质媒介。如20世纪西方符号学强调对艺术作品本身或艺术符号的研究。④接受批评模式强调从接受者的角度研究艺术活动,认为观众、听众和读者的接受过程才是艺术研究的中心所在。这种模式突出了接受者在鉴赏艺术作品过程中的能动性和创造性。如20世纪60年代出现在德国的以尧斯和伊塞尔为代表的接受美学强调从接受者的角度研究艺术作品和艺术史。

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Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner, cleaning offices in a big building.

She trained as a nurse, but had to give it up when her elder child became seriously ill. “I would have liked to go back to it, but the shifts(工作班次) are all wrong for me, as I have to be home to get the children up and off to school.”

So she works as a cleaner instead, from 9 p.m. till 6 a.m. five nights a week for just £90, before tax and insurance. “It’s better than it was last year, but I still think that people who work ‘unsocial hours’ should get a bit extra.”

The hours she’s chosen to work meant that she sees plenty of the children, but very little of her husband. However, she doesn’t think that puts any pressure on their relationship.

Her work isn’t physically very hard, but it’s not exactly pleasant, either. “I do get angry with people who leave their offices like a place for raising pigs. If they realized people like me have to do it, perhaps they’d be a bit more careful.”

The fact that she’s working all night doesn’t worry Margaret at all. Unlike some dark buildings at night, the building where she works is fully lit, and the women work in groups of three. “Since I’ve got to be here, I try to enjoy myself——and I usually do, because of the other girls. We all have a good laugh, so the time never drags.”

Another challenge Margaret has to face is the reaction of other people when she tells them what she does for a living. “They think you’re a cleaner because you don’t know how to read and write,” said Margaret. “I used to think what my parents would say if they knew what I’d been doing, but I don’t think that way any more. I don’t dislike the work though I can’t say I’m mad about it.”

41. Margaret quit her job as a nurse because _______

A. she wanted to earn more money to support her family

B. she had suffered a lot of mental pressure

C. she needed the right time to look after her children

D. she felt tired of taking care of patients

42. Margaret gets angry with people who work in the office because _______.

A. they never clean their offices              B. they look down upon cleaners

C. they never do their work carefully          D. they always make a mess in their offices

43. When at work, Margaret feels _______.

A. light-hearted because of her fellow workers     B. happy because the building is fully lit

C. tired because of the heavy workload           D. bored because time passed slowly

44. The underlined part in the last paragraph implies that Margaret’s parents would _______.

A. help care for her children             B. regret what they had said

C. show sympathy for her               D. feel disappointed in her