问题 单项选择题

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中国民族的同一性不但远超过其他许多国家——94%的人口为汉族——并且作为一个单一的政治实体(虽然其间或分裂中断),至少可能已有两千年历史之久。更重要的是,在两千年中华帝国岁月的绝大多数时间里,并在绝大多数关心天下事的中国人心目中,中国是世界文明的中心与典范。
它认为——相当正确的看法——自己的古典文明、艺术和文字,以及社会价值系统,是其他国家公认的精神鼓舞及模仿对象,对______尤其恩泽深重。像这样一个文化大国,不论从集体角度看,或从个人地位与其他任何民族相比,自然毫无半点知识文化不如人的自卑感觉。而中国周围的临近国家,也没有一国能对它造成丝毫的威胁,再加上中国发明了火药,更可高枕无忧,轻而易举将犯境的野蛮人拒之边外,于是中国人的优越感,更获得进一步的肯定,虽然这种心态,曾使得它在面对西方帝国的扩张时,一时措手不及。19世纪时,中国在科技上的落后,变得再也明显不过——因为科技不如人,便直接表现为军事上的不如人。但是这种落后现象,事实上并非由于中国人迟疑不愿动手,不肯像当年日本在1868年进行明治维新一样,一下子跳入全面欧化的“现代化”大海中。因为这一切,只有在那古文明的捍卫者——古老的中华帝国——成为废墟之上才能实现;只有经由社会革命,在同时也是孔夫子系统的文化革命中,才能真正展开。
(选自[英]霍布斯鲍姆《极端的年代》,郑明黄译,江苏人民出版社,1999)

按作者观点,中国现代化选择“社会革命”与”文化革命”道路______。

A.是出于历史的偶然
B.是出于历史的必然
C.与古典同一性无关
D.原本完全可以避免

答案

参考答案:B

解析: 由最后一句可得。

判断题
问答题

As they do every week, the 90 members of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity at Oregon State University file into their dining hall for a very different kind of frat party. The rows of scrubbed and pressed young men sit down to eat under the watchful eye of the brother who is acting as manners chair. No swearing is permitted. Napkins on laps are required. Small bites are urged instead of gulps. Scofflaws must do penalty push-ups or pay a fine into the piggy bank in the middle of each table.
Call it the new fratiquette, but these weekly civility sessions are just a small part of a growing reform movement led by SigEp, the country’s largest fraternity. As colleges continue to crack down on binge drinking, hazing and general hooliganism, some fraternities are redefining the Greek experience in order to save it.
Oregon State’s is among the 256 SigEP chapters nationwide that have adopted the Balanced Man Program, an intensive four-year fraternity experience created 13 years ago by concerned SigEp leaders to shift the center of life in the houses from beer-soaked blowouts to activities that promote healthy living and self-respect. To eliminate hazing, the program does away with the pledge system—all recruits are equal members from Day One. Alcohol is allowed, but booze-free activities are encouraged.
The SigEps of Oregon State were a long way from such genteel pursuits just five years ago. At a school that offers a degree in fermentation sciences, the SigEps of old stood out for their love of inebriation. "When I got here in 2001, it was awful," says Mike Powers, 20, a senior. "Drugs were coming in, grades were falling. There were nothing but monster parties." The chapter hit bottom that fall when a single party resulted in a whopping $195,000 in fines for 26 separate counts of providing alcohol to minors. The house needed a fresh start, which led to a purge of partyers in which a third of the brothers left the chapter. "We needed to get rid of the cancers of the fiat," says Powers.
Today the chapter, reorganized under the Balanced Man Program, has rebounded. Membership is almost back to prepurge levels, and last summer the chapter won a national SigEp award that placed it in the top 15% in academics and community service of all chapters in the country.
But the frat makeovers have their detractors. In the rush to save fraternity life, some say, SigEp and the Balanced Man Program may be ruining it. "Some of my best experiences in college were stupid things I did with my friends, usually involving alcohol," says Kevin Stange, whose SigEp chapter at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was frequently in trouble with the national organization when he was a student in the late 1990s and which eventually closed for several years. "We never went too far, though," says Stange. "And the real reason people join frats is to have fun. Balanced Man doesn’t address that." Online chat rooms like greekchat, com are ablaze with debate about the changes. As one SigEp who clearly missed the etiquette lessons wrote, "The [Balanced Man Program] has effectively cut the balls [off] our fraternity. "
The number of new SigEp recruits has increased 11% since 1999. Insurance premiums, which have a habit of rising when fiat boys burn down their houses or fail off their balconies, have gone down the past two years. The average GPA for SigEp’s members has reached the 3.0 mark, which is the highest of all fraternities.
Following SigEp’s lead, other national fraternities have rolled out similar programs, from Sigma Alpha Epsilon’s True Gentleman to Beta Theta Pi’s Men of Principle. According to some members, there’s an unexpected bonus from all these reforms: women seem to like them. "They can go to 21 other fraternities to get drunk," says Oregon State SigEp member Cameron Saffer. "Here you find respectful young men. \

What does the author mean by saying that "the frat makeovers have their detractors" (para. 6)