问题 问答题 简答题

请根据斯金纳的强化原理对具体训练内容设计一个最佳的强化程序安排。

答案

参考答案:

强化原理是斯金纳最重要最基本的理论之一。利用斯金纳的强化原理对个体进行训练是一种重要的行为训练方法。 

(1)斯金纳的强化原理斯金纳认为,利用强化物诱使某一操作行为的概率增加的过程就叫做强化。在斯金纳的操作性条件反射中,强化物是指伴随于行为之后且有助于行为重复出现的概率增加的事物或事件。强化物每在相应的操作反应行为之后出现一次,我们就说这一操作反应行为得到了一次强化。 

①强化的类型。斯金纳按照强化的性质将它分为正强化和负强化两种类型。在建立操作反应时,如果呈现某一后继的强化物,有机体的操作反应概率增加,这一反应就称为正强化;如果撤去某一刺激物,有机体的反应概率增加,这一反应就称为负强化。 

②强化程式。斯金纳认为,最有代表性的强化程式有四个:第一,定时距强化程式。这个强化程式是指对有机体按照一定时间间隔所做的反应进行强化。第二,定比率强化程式。在这一程式中,有机体必须做一定量的反应才能得到强化。第三,变时距强化程式。在这一程式中,有机体在一个变化的时间间隔结束时被强化。第四,变比率强化程式。有机体得到的强化是根据反应的平均次数决定的。两次强化时间可能很接近,也可能相隔甚远。 

(2)强化程序安排案例:张栋上小学三年级,最喜欢的课外活动是玩电子游戏。在此之前,他的成绩一直很好,学习和玩游戏两不误。但到了三年级下学期,学校举行作文竞赛和数学竞赛,他都没有取得理想的成绩。于是,老师建议张栋减少玩游戏的时间。以往,张栋每天下午4:30放学回家,先玩游戏到6:30,爸爸妈妈回来后吃饭,吃完饭就7:30了,再开始写作业,一般8:30能完成,然后看电视或再玩一会儿游戏,9:00开始洗漱。根据以上案例,可按照以下程序来逐步控制张栋玩游戏的时间。 

①确定最终行为目标。本案例的最终行为目标是逐渐减少玩游戏的时间,直到每天控制在不影响学习和健康的半小时以内。 

②确定基准线。如张栋每阶段减少玩游戏的时间至少是半个小时。 

③划分阶段。本案例划分为四个阶段,每个阶段的行为达标以后再进行下一阶段的训练。 

第一阶段:取消8:30至9:00之间的玩游戏时间,改为读书。 

第二阶段:下午4:30至6:30之间的玩游戏时间缩减到6:00结束,剩余时间分别写作业、读书和户外活动。 

第三阶段:下午4:30至6:00之间玩游戏的时间缩减到5:30结束,剩余时间分别写作业、读书和户外活动。 

第四阶段:下午4:30至5:30之间玩游戏的时间缩减到5:00结束,剩余时间分别写作业、读书和户外活动。最后控制在每天只玩半小时的游戏。 

上述四个阶段,周一到周五之间犯一次规就取消双休日玩游戏的权利。 

④选择强化物。如双休日的玩游戏权利,双休日不上学,这对张栋是很有效的强化 

⑤安排后果。严格执行规定,如有违反,取消强化物。 

⑥评估效果。对前四项进行评估,收效不良要及时调整。 

经过三个多月的计划运行,张栋玩游戏受到控制,阅读量也增加了。

单项选择题

(B)

When I was six, Dad brought home a dog one day, who was called "Brownie". My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things writh her. One of us would walk her, another would feed her, then there were baths, playing catch and many other games, Brownie, in return, loved each and every one of us. One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them, we always felt better when she was around.

One day, as I was getting her food, she chewed up one of Dad’s shoes, which had to be thrown away in the end. I knew Dad would be mad and I had to let her know what she did was wrong. When I looked at her and said, "Bad girl," she looked down at the ground and then went and hide. I saw a tear in her eyes.

Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet, she went everywhere with us. People would stop and ask if they could pet her. Of course she’d let anyone pet her. She was just the most lovable dog. There were many times when we’d be out walking and a small child would come over and pull on her hair. She never barked or tried to get away. Funny thing is she would smile. This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth. Far from the truth, she loved everyone.

Now many years have passed since Brownie died of old age. I still miss days when she was with us.

Why does the author say that Brownie was more than just a family pet()

A. She was treated as a member of the family.

B. She played games with anyone she liked.

C. She was loved by everybody she met.

D. She went everywhere with the family.

单项选择题