问题 问答题 论述题

谈一谈你对老子关于“道”的思想认识?

答案

参考答案:

1、《老子》哲学的最高概念是“道”。这个“道”是世界统一原理,也是宇宙的发展法则。道的主要性质:道是自生,先天地而存在。道是无名,素朴,混沌。道运转,化分万有。道是虚弱,常在。

2、道是自然的运动规律,万物都循自然规律运动,所以道是大公无私,生养万物而不自居其功。“道”是超越宇宙万物的本体,但它又体现于万事万物之中,体现于具体事物中的道,称为“德”。

3、在老子的思想体系中,有两个东西最为重要,一个是其学说的核心概念:“道”,一个是其思想的基本精神——自然主义。“道”是老子学说的基石,自然主义则是老子学说的灵魂。《老子》把天道和人道对立起来,以为天道就是对人道的否定。

4、老子的道分为“常道”和“非常道”,老子认为“道法自然”,而“自然”亦“无为”老子、“道”对理想生活的追求采用了一种似反实正的方式,深切表达了对人类早期的生存状态的某种向往和由文明进步带来的种种与人的本性的背离的现实生活的抗争,也是老子“道”法自然思想的合力逻辑结果。老子“道”的思想从世界观、人生观、社会观的建立予以我们启示其思维模式和行为方式在现实生活中仍有巨大的借鉴作用和重要意义。

问答题

In the span of 18 months, Isaac Newton invented calculus, constructed a theory of optics, explained how gravity works and discovered his laws of motion. As a result, 1665 and the early months of 1666 are termed his annus mirabilis. (46)It was a sustained sprint of intellectual achievement that no one thought could ever be equaled. But in a span of a few years just before 1900, it all began to unravel. One phenomenon after another was discovered which could not be explained by the laws of classical physics. (47) The theories of Newton, and of James Clerk Maxwell who followed him in the mid-19th century by crafting a more comprehensive account of electromagnetism, were in trouble.
Then, in 1905, a young patent clerk named Albert Einstein found the way forward. In five remarkable papers, he showed that atoms are real (it was still controversial at the time), presented his special theory of relativity, and put quantum theory on its feet. It was a different achievement from Newton’s year, but Einstein’s annus mirabilis was no less remarkable. He did not, like Newton, have to invent entirely new forms of mathematics. However, he had to revise notions of space and time fundamentally. (48) And unlike Newton, who did not publish his results for nearly 20 years, so obsessed was he with secrecy and working out the details, Einstein released his papers one after another, as a fusillade of ideas.
For Einstein, it was just a beginning-he would go on to create the general theory of relativity and to pioneer quantum mechanics. While Newton came up with one system for explaining the world, Einstein thus came up with two. Unfortunately, his discoveries- relativity and quantum theory-contradict one another. Both cannot be true everywhere, although both are remarkably accurate in their respective domains of the very large and the very small. Einstein would spend the last years of his life attempting to reconcile the two theories, and failing. (49) But then, no one else has succeeded in fixing the problems either, and Einstein was perhaps the one who saw them most clearly.
When Einstein was awarded a Nobel prize, in 1921, it was for the first of his papers of 1905, which proved the existence of photons-particles of light. (50) Up until that paper, completed on March 17th and published in Annalen der Physik (as were the other 1905 papers), light had been supposed to be a wave, since this explains the interference patterns created when it passes through a grating. Einstein, however, began from a different premise, by considering the so-called "black-body experiment".

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