问题 多项选择题 案例分析题

患者女,33岁。常规体检:BMI26kg/m2,腰围84cm,BP140/90mmHg。ALT33U/L,AST44U/L,AKP158U/L,TBIL15mmol/L,DBIL8mmol/L,FBG6.6mmol/L,尿酸687μmol/L,甘油三酯2.2mmol/L。凝血全套:(-)。乙肝血清标志物:HBsAb(+),余(-);HCV-Ab(-);ANA+ENA(-)。查B超示脂肪肝。否认饮酒史、特殊药物史,否认遗传性病史,否认肝豆状核变性病史。

该患者可采取的治疗措施包括()。

A.推荐肥胖成人每日热量摄入减少500~1000kcal

B.推荐中等量有氧运动,每周4次以上,累计时间至少150分钟

C.推荐极低热卡饮食

D.可选用空-回肠短路手术减肥

E.如改变生活方式6~12个月体重未能降低10%以上,建议选用二甲双胍等进行二级干预

F.ACEI制剂控制血压

G.长期选用甘草酸制剂或水飞蓟素保肝治疗

答案

参考答案:A, B

解析:

2.诊断代谢综合征必须符合以下条件:

①中心性肥胖(欧洲男性腰围≥94cm,女性腰围≥80cm,不同种族腰围有各自的参考值)。

②合并以下四项指标中任两项:

a.甘油三酯(TG)水平升高:≥150mg/dl(1.7mmol/L),或已接受相应治疗;

b.高密度脂蛋白一胆固醇(HDL-C)水平降低:男性<40mg/dl(1.03mmol/L),女性<50mg/dl(1.29mmol/L),或已接受相应治疗;

c.血压升高:收缩压≥130或舒张压≥85mmHg,或已接受相应治疗或此前已诊断高血压;

d.空腹血糖(FPG)升高:FPG≥100mg/dl(5.6mmol/L),或此前已诊断2型糖尿病或已接受相应治疗。如果FPG≥100mg/dl(5.6mmol/L)强烈推荐进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),但是OGTT在诊断代谢综合征时并非必要。

3.NAFLD的超声波特点:肝脏近场回声弥漫性增强,回声强于肾脏;肝内管道结构显示不清;肝脏远场回声逐渐衰减。

4.HOMA-IR测定的计算公式为:IR=胰岛素(μU/ml)×葡萄糖(mmol/L)÷22.5。

5.鼓励所有NAFLD患者通过节制饮食、增加有氧锻炼等措施改变不良生活方式。通常需要有一定程度的BMI下降才能有益于糖脂代谢紊乱和NAFLD的防治:推荐肥胖成人每日热量摄入减少500~1000kcal;推荐中等量有氧运动,每周4次以上,累计时间至少150分钟。合并肥胖症的NAFLD患者如果改变生活方式3~6个月未能有效减重(体质量下降5%伴不同程度的腰围减少),建议谨慎选用二甲双胍等进行二级干预;减肥药物治疗无效者可考虑实施减肥手术,上消化道减肥手术对于无肝衰竭或明显门脉高压症的重度肥胖的NAFLD患者安全有效。为减少附加打击以免加重肝脏损害,应避免体重急剧下降,禁用极低热卡饮食和空-回肠短路手术减肥。寻找并积极治疗代谢危险因素,包括有效控制血压、血糖以及纠正血脂紊乱。目前尚无推荐用于NAFLD常规治疗的保肝药物。保肝药物作为辅助治疗主要用于:

①肝活检确诊的NASH伴或不伴肝纤维化;

②临床特征、实验室改变及影像学检查提示可能存在肝脏损伤和(或)进展性肝纤维化;

③基础治疗所用药物有可能诱发肝损伤或治疗过程中出现肝酶增高。建议根据药物性能以及疾病活动度和病期,合理选用多烯磷脂酰胆碱、水飞蓟素(宾)、维生素E、熊去氧胆酸以及甘草酸制剂和双环醇等1~2种中西药物,疗程通常需要6~12个月以上。

判断题
单项选择题

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following interview.

M: When most couples marry, they may discuss some things in advance, like how many children they want or where they want to live, but most of the day-to-day details and problems of married life are worked out after marriage. Not so with Steve and Karen Parsons, who have a fifteen-page prenuptial agreement that states the rules they must follow in almost every aspect of their married life. Today, Karen is here with us Karen, first I’d like to ask you why you decided to write this agreement. You’ve both been married before, am I right

F: Yes. I’ve been married twice, and Steve was married once before. So we have some experience about what goes wrong in a marriage.

M: And that’s why you wrote this agreement

F: Yes, we found that many problems happen when a person has different expectations from his or her spouse. We wanted to talk about everything openly and honestly before we started living together. Also, we both know how important it is to respect each other’s quirks. We’re all bothered by things that seem small to someone else. Like, it used to really bother me when my ex-hushand left his dirty clothes on the floor, so we put that in the agreement: "Dirty clothing must be put in the laundry bag. " Now Steve knows what my expectations are.

M: I’m sure that some people hearing this report will think that this contract isn’t very romantic.

F: Well, we disagree. We think it’s very romantic. This agreement shows that we sat down and talked and really tried to understand the other person. A lot of problems occur in a marriage because people don’t talk about what they want That’s right. When we disagree about something, we work out a solution that’s good for both of us. I’d much rather do that than get some "romantic" gift like flowers or candy.

M: Some of these rules sound like, well, a business agreement. Many of your rules concern money in some way … even the rules about having children.

F: In our experience, disagreements about money can cause a lot of problems, so we talked about how we want to spend our money and put that in the agreement as well.

M:So, do you spend a lot of time checking on each other to see if the rules are being followed

F:No, not at all. And we don’t argue about them, either. As a matter of fact, I think we spend less time arguing than most couples because we both know what the other person expects. We can spend our time doing things we enjoy and just being with each other.

M: What happens if one of you breaks a rule

F: We don’t think that will be a problem, no Because we’ve agreed on these rules.

M:But what if, say, you don’t want to cook dinner one night What happens

F: Well, we’ll talk about it and reach a compromise. Maybe there’s a good reason.

M:But if you break a lot of rules, all the time …

F: Then we have to ask. Is this marriage really working Because if we can’t follow our own agreement, there’s no point in making it.

M: So it sounds like you two are happy with this agreement. Do you think other couples should follow your example, and write prenuptial agreements of their own

F:It’s a lot of work to write an agreement, but I think it could be useful to a lot of people. Maybe there would be fewer divorces if everyone did this.

Question No. 11 About which of the following topics is the woman being interviewed

15().

A. They think it is a serious breach of the contract.

B. They find a good reason to rewrite the rule.

C. They talk about it and reach a compromise.

D. They have to ask. Is this marriage really working