问题 阅读理解

For an owl (猫头鹰) with one-metre wingspan, the sky should be the limit. But Troy prefers his bird’s eye view to be no higher than 5 feet 10 inches. The one-year-old owl has an inconvenient symptom: he’s afraid of heights. After an unfortunate start in life when he fell from his nest by accident, Troy was raised by Gareth Tonen, a handler (饲养员), who just happens to be 5 feet 10 inches tall.

As a result, Troy has grown up without any great ambitions of his own. When it comes to trees, he can’t see what is about and would prefer to fly along at Mr. Tonen’s side. Only when the 25-year-old handler climbs up a tree can Troy be tempted to leave his comfort zone and join him.

Ashley Smith said, “ Troy’s fear of heights was a result of forgetting how to be a bird. He’s been in captivity (被圈养) for as long as he can remember and has never been higher than his handler can lift him. He sees himself as more of a human than an owl, and he doesn’t know how to sit in trees or hunt. Gareth has to almost act like an owl to get Troy to behave like one.”

As a result, a daily tree climb has become part of Troy’s – and Mr. Tonen’s – routine. Ladders have been fixed so Mr. Tonen can climb into the trees and call for Troy, who will fly up and join his handler but go no higher. Most of the time he flies down again, but occasionally Mr. Tonen has to carry him back to ground level. The afternoon ends with a meal of mouse, rabbit or his favorite, chicken.

Mr. Tonen said, “He now looks upon me as his mum or dad. He’s gaining more confidence and if I have to carry on climbing up trees with him then we’ll do what it takes for him to be a high flyer.

小题1:Troy was brought up by Gareth Tonen because he ______.

A.couldn’t fly high

B.got badly hurt

C.left his parents accidentally

D.couldn’t live in trees小题2: What can you learn from the second paragraph?

A.Troy doesn’t show any interest in flying high up in the sky.

B.Gareth Tonen has spoiled Troy by offering him everything.

C.Gareth Tonen is pleased to see Troy fly along at his side.

D.Troy would like his owner Gareth Tonen to climb up trees.小题3:According to Ashley Smith, Troy doesn’t know he is a bird because ______.

A.he has developed the symptom of fearing heights.

B.he has been raised since he was very small.

C.he can’t learn how to fly higher than his owner.

D.he doesn’t want to fly among trees hunting for food.小题4: Why does Gareth Tonen have to climb up trees every day?

A.To set an example of flying high to Troy.

B.To see how high Troy can really fly.

C.To teach Troy how to get meals in high trees.

D.To get Troy back down to cure his fear of heights.

答案

小题1:C小题1:A小题1:B小题1:A

阅读理解与欣赏

本大题共3小题,共10分。阅读下面文章,完成14-16题。

“蝴蝶效应”和“混沌理论”

1972年,美国麻省理工学院教授、混沌学开创人之一洛伦兹在美国科学发展学会第139次会议上发表了题为《蝴蝶效应》的论文,论文中该教授曾发表惊人之论:“巴西的亚马逊丛林中一只蝴蝶轻轻地扇动几下翅膀,就会在美国的得克萨斯州掀起一场龙卷风。”蝴蝶效应真有这么大的威力?还是这位教授在开玩笑?

事实上,这位教授所说的“蝴蝶效应”在数学上可以用“混沌理论”来解释。

什么是混沌理论呢?混沌是一种“表观上”混乱无序,而实际上具有深层次规律性的特殊运动形态,它的特点是对于系统的初始条件具有极端敏感的依赖性,在系统初始任何一点点细微的改变,都会在系统后期发生翻天覆地的变化,我们可以做一个实验来解释这个理论。如图所示,在一个10cm左右长的长条形面团上,离其中一端约3cm处嵌入一颗细钢珠。把面团拉长一倍,再一折二叠成原样。反复这样的操作100次后,弹珠就会离开原来的位置,到了一个新的位置。多次重复这样的实验,你会发现尽管小钢珠的初始位置几乎完全相同,但折叠100次后的结果却大不一样。也就是说只要最初的位置存在一极微小差异,则最终的位置就完全不一样了。由此可见,一个确定的操作过程,最后却得到几乎随机的结果。这样一种现象,其背后的规律,在数学上就是混沌理讼。

也就是说,初始的量发生小小的变化,经过反复叠代以后,就得到了惊人的放大效果,从而彻底改变结果。这就像开始所说的蝴蝶扇一下翅膀就会造成一场龙卷风一样。一只蝴蝶扇动翅膀,也许会带动其它蝴蝶也扇动翅膀,从而导致其身边的空气系统发生变化,并引起微弱气流的产生,而微弱气流的产生又会引起它四周空气或其他系统产生相应的变化,由此引起连锁反应,最终导致其他系统的极大变化。

实际上,混沌效应无处不在,它渗透在日常生活、各个专业及领域。西方流传的一首民谣说:“丢失一个钉子,坏了一只蹄铁;坏了一只蹄铁,折了一匹战马;折了一匹战马,伤了一位骑士;伤了一位骑士,输了一场战斗;输了一场战斗,亡了一个帝国。”你看,由于一个小小的钉子的丢失竟然带来了整个帝国的灭亡,这个结果丝毫不亚于蝴蝶翅膀的扇动造成一场跑风的’蝴蝶效应’。本文开头提到的科学家洛伦兹在进行长期天气预报实验的过程中发现:仅仅在初始的数据中四舍五入掉一位小数,实验结果中所表明的几个月后的天气状况就判若霄壤,一个是万里无云,一个是电闪雷鸣。这个结果说明,哪怕是今天室内由于你打喷嗖使气温发生了一亿分之一度的变化,都有可能在几个月之后带来一场跑风。因此,长期的天气预报在目前来讲几乎是不可能的。

古训’失之毫厘,谬以千里’与蝴蝶效应揭示了相似的道理,两者都告诫人们要特别注意初始条件,对微小差别应该保持高度的灵敏度和警觉性。因为初始条件的极小偏差,将会引起结果的极大差异,甚至使事物发生质变。

小题1:下列说法符合文意的一项(3分)

A.洛伦兹教授有关“蝴蝶效应”的惊人之语,形象地揭示了飓风形成的初始原因。

B.“蝴蝶效应”是一种混沌现象,可以用数学上的“混沌理论”进行解释。

C.正因为存在着“蝴蝶效应”,所以人类根本不可能进行长期的天气预报。

D.古训讲“失之毫厘,谬以千里”,说明中国古人在很早以前就知道了混沌理论。小题2:下列说法不符合文意的一项是(3分)

A.文中提到的“面团与钢珠”实验,证明了系统最初条件的微小变化所带来的最终结果是难以预测的。

B.混沌理论启迪我们,只要我们见微知著,注意了初始条件的细微变化,就能够积极有效地防止混沌现象所带来的灾难发生。

C.洛伦兹在长期天气预报实验中发现:对初始数据所做的细微改变,会使数月后的天气状况预报的结果发生巨大的变化。

D.研究混沌,其实就是发现无序中的有序,也就是要透过事物“表观上”的混乱无序,发现其深层次的特殊运动规律。小题3:判断生活中某一现象是不是“蝴蝶效应”的依据是什么?统观全文,分条概括。(4分)

单项选择题 A1型题