问题 单项选择题

下列关于行政处罚和行政强制的说法正确的是:()

(1)行政处罚适用于有违法失职行为的国家公务员。(2)罚款和没收财产都是对财产的强制执行方式。(3)行政处罚和行政处分都是行政机关对违法者实施的惩戒,两者并无实质上的区别。(4)某税务局对买卖股票逃避征税的本局工作人员甲,作出了罚款的决定,该罚款决定是一种行政处分。(5)地方性法规可以设定吊销个体营业执照的行政处罚。(6)行政强制就是行政强制执行措施。(7)行政强制是对行政相对人的一种制裁措施。(8)行政强制执行措施,必须由行政机关申请人民法院执行。(9)公安机关把本人有危险或者对他人的安全有威胁的醉酒人约束到酒醒的行为,属于直接强制执行。(10)代履行不能适用于与人身相关的义务,但直接强制执行却可以适用于人身相关的义务。

A.(1)(2)(5)(6) 

B.(1)(5)(6)(8) 

C.(1)(6)(7)(8) 

D.(5)(10)

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

理由:本题考查的是行政处罚的含义、对象和形式及行政强制的含义和分类。(1)中,注意区分行政处罚和行政处分。行政处罚是指行政机关或者其他行政主体依照法定权限和程序对违反行政法规范尚未构成犯罪的相对方给予行政制裁的具体行政行为,而行政处分是指国家行政机关对其系统内部违法失职的公务员实施的一种惩戒措施。(2)中,注意区分行政处罚与行政强制执行的区别。其一性质不同,前者是对行政违法行为的事后制裁,处罚决定不因为违法行为的停止实施而解除,且罚、没不能返还。后者不是制裁,违法行为停止后强制措施就可以停止。其二目的不同,前者是出于惩戒的目的,后者是为了促使被强制人履行法定义务。其三实施的机关也不尽相同。罚款和没收财物都是行政处罚的形式。(3)见(1)解释。(4)中这个决定虽然表面上是针对行政机关工作人员,但并不是针对其失职行为。(5)见《行政处罚法》第11条:“地方性法规可以设定除限制人身自由、吊销企业营业执照以外的行政处罚。”(6)中行政强制是一种具体行政行为,而行政强制执行措施是行政强制的一种手段。(7)见(2)解释。 (8)中行政强制措施不同于行政诉讼中的强制措施,其适用主体是行政机关及其人员和法律法规授权的组织,后者的适用主体才是法院。(9)中,所谓直接强制执行即行政主体对逾期拒不履行法定义务的相对方的人身或财产自行采取强制手段,直接强迫其履行义务,或通过强制手段达到与义务人履行义务相同状态的一种行政强制行为方式。(10)中,代履行之重点在“代”,而与人身相关的义务是无法替代履行的。

单项选择题
填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.