That rapscallion who leaps off the monkey bars, landing smack onto an innocent 3-year-old bystander, and skips off, giggling all the while According to a new paper out of Israel, he may not feel all that bad about the incident. The study, conducted by Dr. In bal Kivenson Bar-On at the University of Haifa, shows that high levels of fearlessness in 3-and 4-year-olds is ply associated with aggression and a lack of sympathy. This news will likely surprise risk-loving America, where parents typically beam with pride when their undaunted child mounts the big slide.
Fearlessness is a far-end point on the spectrum of what psychologists call the "approach and withdrawal dimension"—people’s tendency to approach new stimuli (to gain information and acquire new skills ) and withdraw from unfamiliar stimuli (to avoid danger). Striking the right balance is considered crucial to man’s survival. But what about preschoolers’ There’s a clear downside, Dr. Kivenson Bar-On discovered, after she observed lots of preschool play and machinations. In total, she documented 80 children at preschool, home and in the lab, measuring their propensity for fearlessness and other social and emotional characteristics at the beginning and end of one year. Fearlessness was measured by observing reactions to various fright-inducing situations: separation from parents, the roar of a vacuum cleaner, a jack-in-the-box and the like. Those who displayed greater levels of fearlessness, the study found, had no trouble recognizing facial expressions of anger, surprise, happiness and sadness in other children—but they had a hard time identifying fear.
Over all, they were "emotionally shallow" and showed lower levels of sympathy. They took advantage of friends and lacked regret over inappropriate conduct. "These findings," the paper explains, " suggest that fearlessness in preschool constitutes a clear risk factor for developmental pathways that lead to problems in morality, conscience development, and severe antisocial behaviors. " At the same time, fearless children tended to be highly sociable. "One of the most interesting findings was that we could discriminate between friendliness and sympathy," Dr. Kivenson Bar-On said. "These kids are curious, easygoing and friendly, but they have a hard time recognizing emotional distress in others. "
Jamie Ostrov, a psychology professor at the State University at Buffalo who studies aggression, says that children at the extreme end of the fearless spectrurn "may be charming, but they’re also highly manipulative and deceptive and skilled at getting their way—even at age 3 or 4. " It could be that fearless children need per distress cues to active their autonomic nervous systems, limiting their ability to detect distress cues in others. It seems to be, if I’m not worried about this, you can’t be, either. But should we be
According to Dr. Kivenson Bar-On, fearless children（）
A. have no sympathy
B. will have anti-social tendency
C. get well along with others
D. are foxy
(合并及居中)按钮。 ③选择“D3:DS”单元格，单击“格式”工具栏中的
(百分比样式)按钮；在D3单元格中输入“=(C3-B3)/C3”，单击编辑栏的(输入)按钮；单击D3单元格，将鼠标指针指向该单元格右下角的填充句柄，使其形状由空心的十字形变为黑色的十字形，按住鼠标左键，拖动单元格填充句柄到D5单元格。 ④双击工作表Sheet1文件名，输入新的工作表名“近两年销售情况表”。 ⑤选择工作表的“A2:AS”单元格，按住＜Ctrl＞键，再选择“D2:D5”单元格，单击“常用”工具栏中的
(图表向导)按钮，弹出“图表向导-4步骤之1-图表类型”对话框。在“标准类型”选项卡中，“图表类型”选择“棱锥图”，“子图表类型”选择“柱形棱锥图”，单击“下一步”按钮，弹出“图表向导-4步骤之2-图表源数据”对话框。接受默认设置，并单击“下一步”按钮，弹出“图表向导-4步骤之3-图-表选项”对话框。在“标题”选项卡的“图表标题”文本框中输入“销售情况图”，在“分类(X)轴”文本框中输入“产品名称”，单击“下一步”按钮，弹出“图表向导-4步骤之4-图表位置”对话框。点选“作为其中的对象插入”单选钮，单击“完成”按钮，即可在工作表中插入图表。利用鼠标调整图表大小到“A8:E17”单元格区域内。 ⑥设置完成后，执行“文件”→“另存为”命令，弹出“另存为”对话框。输入保存的地址，单击“保存”按钮。