问题 问答题

答题要求:
1.运用掌握的法学和社会知识阐释你的观点和理由;
2.说理充分,逻辑严谨,语言流畅,表达准确;
3.字数不少于500字。

答案

参考答案:本题纠纷的争议焦点在于如何认定商场的“最终解释权”的性质。就商场的“最终解释权”的性质,目前理论界和司法界仁者见仁、智者见智。有的观点认为,根据合同自由原则,商场的“最终解释权”是一种由当事人约定的权利。某甲参与了商场的促销活动,就是与商场缔结了一个合同,“本次活动最终解释权归本商场享有”作为合同中的一个条款已经为某甲所接受,这就表明,某甲和商场通过约定产生了本次活动的最终解释权,并且该权利由商场独自享有。因此,对于照相器材是否参与本次促销活动,商场有权作出解释,且该解释直接发生法律效力。
也有观点认为,商场的“最终解释权”并不是一种真正意义上的权利,它不受法律保护。因为对合同的解释不等于对合同享有解释权,某甲和商场都可以对合同提出自己的解释,但他们的解释都是单方的理解,并不直接产生法律效力。如果双方的解释不能达成一致,则应由法院或仲裁机构根据合同法相关规定来作出最终解释,只有法院或者仲裁机构才享有这种对合同的解释权。因此,无论双方作出何种约定,任何一方都不享有合同的最终解释权。上述例子中,“本次活动最终解释权归本商场享有”这一条款违反了法律的强制性规定,应为无效。
对此,可以从合同解释理论以及我国合同法的相关规定这两个角度加以分析。
第一,从合同解释理论上看,对合同的理解不等于对合同的解释,更不等于对合同享有解释权。无论是某甲还是商场,他们所提供的“解释”实质上只是当事人对合同的理解,而非具有法律效力的解释。对合同享有解释权,在合同法领域中是指在对合同的理解当事人产生分歧或者合同存在漏洞的场合,以法院认定的公平正义去解释合同,填补漏洞。这样既能在双方当事人之间实现平均合同正义,又符合社会的公平正义;既能适用于双方当事人本应约定而未约定的合同条款场合,又能适用于双方当事人约定的合同条款违反强制性规范、利:会公共利
益、社会公德标准。上述纠纷中商场通过合同为自己设定的“最终解释权”,在权利内容上相当于司法机关对合同的解释权。根据合同解释的原理,这项权利只能由司法机关依法享有,而不能由当事人约定产生。由此可见,根据合同解释的相关理论,商场不应享有对合同的最终解释权。
第二,从我国合同法规定上看,商场的“最终解释权”条款违反了法律强制性规定,属于无效条款。首先,我们须对某甲与商场签订的合同的全部条款的性质进行分析。该合同由议定条款和格式条款两部分构成。买卖照相器材这一部分的内容为议定条款,并且决定了该合同的性质为买卖合同;而商场的促销活动这一部分内容为格式条款,附加于买卖合同之中,使该合同成为格式合同。我国《合同法》第39条规定,“格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定,并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。”根据合同法理论,包含有格式条款的合同被称为格式合同。我国《合同法》第39条至第41条规定了格式条款的概念、格式条款的订立须遵循公平原则、提供格式条款一方负有合理提请对方注意的义务、无效格式条款的认定以及争议格式条款的解释原则。其中,对于上述纠纷的认定具有意义的是最后两方面的规定。根据我国《合同法》第40条、第52条、第53条规定,具有下列情形的格式条款无效:(1)一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同,损害国家利益;(2)恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益;(3)以合法形式掩盖非法目的;(4)损害社会公共利益;(5)违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定;(6)造成对方人身伤害的免责条款;(7)因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的;(8)提供格式条款一方免除其责任、加重对方责任、排除对方主要权利的。商场的“最终解释权”条款为无效条款,是因为它违反了法律的强制性规定。具体来说,它违反了《合同法》第41条关于争议格式条款的解释原则的强制性规定。我国《合同法》第41条明确规定,对格式条款的理解发生争议的,应当按照通常理解予以解释。对格式条款有两种以上解释的,应当作出不利于提供格式条款二方的解释。格式条款和非格式条款不一致的,应当采用非格式条款。如果承认商场单方提供的规定由商场享有合同的最终解释权的格式条款有效,则意味着一旦双方对格式条款的理解发生争议,应以商场单方的解释为准。这明显违反了《合同法》第41条的强制性规定,因此应认定该格式条款无效。因此,从法律意义上而言,商场不享有对其促销活动的最终解释权。
但是,不承认当事人约定的这一项权利,是否就违背了合同自由原则呢对此,我们应注意到,现代经济社会中,合同自由并非绝对自由,而是受到合同正义原则的限制,因此,不承认当事人通过格式条款而确立的不公平权利义务,并不违反合同自由原则。此外,法官在行使合同解释权时,应以不侵害当事人意思自治为原则,而是要依当事人的共同真意探求为原则,以客观解释为补充。综上所述,不承认商场的“最终解释权”,与承认合同自由原则并不矛盾。

单项选择题
阅读理解

第三节:阅读理解 (共10小题,每小题2分,满分20分)

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。

Letters to the next president

Dear Mr. President:

I would like to personally thank you for your time and concern for our great country. I would like to take a few minutes to address a few concerns that I have with the United States.

First of all, I would like to address the war. In my opinion, we should have never been involved with Iraq to the extent that we are now. I believe we should pull our troops out. However, I think there should be a time table that we follow but the time table should not be released because the enemy does not need to know when we are going to pull out. Also, the war takes out a ton of our money, which leads me to my next issue.

The economy right now, in the opinion of many Americans is the biggest issue with which we are facing right now. No one can predict what will happen one day or the next. The obvious thing to do is to put 700 billion dollars in the economy, but that bill failed and was rejected by the House of Representatives(众议院). Instead of putting 700 billion dollars in, I think the money should be equally distributed among Americans to pay off their debts. I'm not sure if this would work, but I think it is a positive alternative we could take.

My final issue I would like to call to your attention is teacher's salaries. The high school students of today are America's future. In a way, America's future depends greatly on the high school teachers of America. Saying this, it is sad that teacher's salaries are where they are. While teachers are working harder and harder every day to teach high school students, CEO's of big companies that are driving our countries economy into the ground are getting bonuses. I'm not saying that teacher's salaries should be the same of CEO's of companies, but I do strongly believe that action should be taken to increase the salaries of teachers because they have one of the most important jobs in America - - preparing our country for the future.

Once again, thank you for your time and your effort you put in to making this great country a better place.

Sincerely, Walker

41. What's the author's attitude the Iraq War?

A. Supportive           B. Objective           C. Negative             D. Positive

42. What's true about the time of pulling the troops out?

A. We should pull the troops out without delay.

B. There is no need to have a time table to follow.

C. The public has the fight to know the time table.

D. We should keep the time secret from the enemy.

43. According to the author, the 700 billion dollars__________

A. is the biggest issue with which we are facing right now.

B. has been accepted by the House of Representatives.

C. should be equally shared among Americans

D. should be put in the economy

44. When talking about high school teachers, the author thinks that____________

A. the teachers' salaries are not high enough.

B. teacher's salaries should be as high as CEO's.

C. the teachers work harder than CEO's of companies.

D. teaching is more important than any other job in America

45. Which of the topics is NOT included in the letter?

A. Election            B. International affair    C. Finance           D. Education,