问题 问答题

张山在回家的路上,拾得一只名贵宠物狗,张山将该狗带回家精心照料,同时登报寻找失主。某日,张山牵着该狗外出散步,遇见领着10岁的女儿玩耍的李文田。于是,两人聊起天来,未顾及小孩,结果李文田的女儿被该狗咬伤。花去医疗费人民币500元,并在脸上留下疤痕。李文田要求张山承担其女儿的500元医疗费,并要求赔偿其女儿被狗咬伤脸上留下疤痕的精神损害。此时,狗的主人刘卓从报上得知狗的下落,找到张山认领。李文田也向刘卓提出上述赔偿请求。张、刘二人均以李文田自己未照看好女儿为由,拒绝李文田的请求。问:(1)本案涉及哪些民事法律关系(2)该案纠纷应如何处理理由是什么

答案

参考答案:(1)本案涉及的民事法律关系包括:张山与刘卓之间成立无因管理关系;动物致人损害的侵权赔偿关系;李文田和受害人之间的监护关系。 (2)对于受害人的损害,应当由刘卓、张山承担侵权责任,其抗辩事由不成立。根据《民法通则》的规定,饲养的动物造成他人损害的,动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担民事责任。由于受害人的过错造成损害的,动物饲养人或者管理人不承担民事责任;由于第三人的过错造成损害的,第三人应当承担民事责任。 本案中的宠物狗,属于饲养的动物;刘卓是宠物的所有人,张山是宠物的管理人;宠物给受害人带来了损害,该损害与宠物有因果关系。同时,李文田虽未照看好自己的女儿,但未尽到监护责任与动物致损没有因果关系,不能认定为受害人的过错,不属于动物所有人或管理人的免责事由。第三人过错造成损害时,所有人或管理人也并不当然免责。因此,本案的关系完全具备动物致人损害民事责任的构成要件。动物致人损害民事责任适用无过错责任原则,只要具备饲养的动物伤人的事实、损害事实的存在、动物加害与损害之间有因果关系等三项条件,动物的所有人或管理人就应当承担责任。刘卓或张山作为动物的所有人和管理人,应当对损害承担责任。

解析:本题考查的知识点无因管理、动物致人损害的民事责任、监护责任。分析本题时,按以下思路:第一,张山拾到狗,积极寻找失主,表明其没有法律上的义务,为了他人利益,而饲养管理该动物,可以认定符合无因管理的构成要件。张山作为管理人,刘卓作为受益人,二人之间成立无因管理之债关系。张山有权请求刘卓支付管理中的必要费用,如登报费、饲料费等。第二,张山牵着狗散步时,与他人聊天没有尽到应有的注意,给他人造成伤害,作为管理人应当承担责任。第三,应当考虑毕竟张山是无因管理人,刘卓作为动物的饲养人,对动物致人损害也不能免除责任。第四,受害人的过错是动物致损的免责事由,但受害人的过错只有作为引起损害的全部或主要原因是,动物的饲养人或管理人才可以免责。如受害人故意投打、挑逗、盗窃动物或给动物喂食等行为引起动物致其损害,方构成受害人过错。本案中未给出这些条件。

填空题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

    While students in Hainan are quite used to clear skies, Beijing teenagers are not so

lucky. As another warm winter approaches, the city can expect the normal clouds of smoke

caused by air pollution.

    But things could start to get better soon. The government is co-operating with a US-

based environmental protection agency to update existing buses and trucks with clean fuel

technology. The new technology could reduce air pollutants in existing diesel vehicles (柴

油机) by 40 per cent. The programme will begin by testing buses in Beijing to see if the

technology can be applied to them.

    "We encourage the development of public transportation. But at the same time we need

to reduce pollution from them," said an official.

    Efforts are being made to improve the capital's environment with tighter controls on

emissions (排放). Some heavily polluting factories and construction sites, such as those

owned by the steel giant Shougang Group, have been asked to cut production in November

and December or be closed. Beijing was the third polluted city in the world at the end of

last century, according to the UN. But thanks to recent measures, the capital has made

some progress. Last year 224 clear days were rated as having good air quality. In 1998

the air quality index (指数) gave just 100 days as good.

    "I am glad to see an improvement," said a Senior 1 boy living in the northwest of

Beijing. "Compared to other places, the air quality of Beijing is still worrying though.

I hate the pollution. Once I was riding my bike in the morning when I almost had a traffic

accident because I couldn't see a car only metres away from me in frog."

    In early October, the skies were covered by such a thick fog that a display show by

the visiting French air force was called off.

    Rapid development, industry, traffic fumes (烟) and sandstorms from the desert all

contribute to the city's bad air.

1. The passage is mainly about ______? [ ]

A. a programme to improve Beijing's air quality

B. progress made in Beijing's air quality

C. Beijing's air pollution

D. the difference between Hainan and Beijing

2. Which of the following is not the measure taken or to be taken to improve Beijing's

   air? [ ]

A. Clean fuel technology will be used in public transportation.

B. Some factories have been asked to cut production.

C. Some construction sites have been told to be closed.

D. A display show of airplanes has been called off.

3. We can infer from the passage that, with the aim of being an ecological (生态的) city

   by the 2008 Olympics, ______. [ ]

A. far more still needs to be done

B. nothing else needs to be done

C. all traffic has to be closed

D. the development of the city has to be slowed down

4. Which is not correct according to the passage? [ ]

A. Beijing's air quality is getting worse and worse.

B. Development, industry, traffic fumes and sandstorms are all the causes of bad air

   quality.

C. Clouds of smoke in the sky is the common feature in the winter of Beijing.

D. The government is making every effort to stop air pollution.