问题 问答题

大梦敦煌六十年

段文杰,1917年生于四川绵阳。1940年考入国立艺专国画系。1944年,国画大师张大千在重庆举办的敦煌壁画临摹展在他心里埋下了敦煌艺术的种子。而早在百年前,敦煌珍宝多次被劫掠后,世界各国就出现了敦煌研究热潮。“敦煌在中国,研究在外国”的断言一直深深刺痛着段文杰的心。毕业后几经波折辗转到达敦煌,从此,他把毕生的心血和精力都奉献给了敦煌艺术保护研完事业,做出了突出成就。

从1946年开始,段文杰共临摹各洞窟不同时期的壁画340多幅,面积达140多平方米,创下了敦煌莫高窟个人临摹史上的第一。段文杰的临摹方法与张大千不同。张大千的临本,随意性较大,带有个人创作的成分;段文杰主张,临摹一要客观忠实地再现原作面貌;二要在精细的基础上突出原作总体神韵;三是绘画技巧不能低于原作水平,这至今仍然是敦煌壁画临摹的指导原则。他的代表作之一《都督夫人礼佛图》,原画中人物表情及衣饰都模糊难辨,临摹难度极大。段文杰反复观察考证洞窟中的供养人图像,查阅了大量相关历史资料,并进行了多次实验练习,经过四个月才完成了这幅巨型壁画的临摹。历时三年的莫高窟第285窟临摹,是段文杰主持的敦煌壁画临摹史上第一座整窟原大壁画现状临摹。另外《尸毗王本生》、《各国王子举哀图》等复原临摹巨图,都是公认的精品。

1947年和1948年,段文杰他们将石窟保护和壁画临摹结合在一起,对莫高窟洞窟进行了一次全面的编号、测量和内容调查,“洞窟编号法”被认为是最完整和科学的,至今仍在沿用。20世纪六十年代初,段文杰在临摹壁画时,为复原一幅唐代壁画,查阅了百余种有关古代服饰的文献资料,通读了二十四史中的《舆服志》,摘录了两千多张卡片,为以后进行敦煌服饰研究打下了基础。后来,他写出了《敦煌服饰》这一重要学术专著,丰富了我国古代服饰研究的内容。其间,他还写生创作了上百幅人物山水画。

对敦煌艺术的起源历来有“西来说”和“东来说”两种观点。段文杰认为,这两种观点都失之偏颇;敦煌艺术是在深厚的汉晋文化传统的基础上,大量吸收外来艺术的营养而成长起来的中国式的佛教艺术。这一研究成果,得到了国内外学界的重视和肯定,为后继者打开敦煌石窟艺术的奥秘提供了一把钥匙。

从文中看,段文杰为敦煌艺术的保护及研究事业做出了哪些突出成就?

答案

参考答案:

提出了敦煌壁画临摹的指导原则,创立了“洞窟编号法”,写出了《敦煌服饰》这一重要学术专著,确立了敦煌艺术是中国式佛教艺术的观点。

阅读理解

We are all busy taking about and using the Internet. But how many of us know the history of the Internet?

Many people are surprised when they find that the Internet was set up in the 1960s. At that time, computers were large and expensive. Computer networks didn’t work well. If one computer in the network broke down, then the whole network stopped. So a new network system had to be set up. It should be good enough to be used by many different computers. If part of the network was not working, information could be sent through another part. In this way, computer network system would keep on working all the time.

At first the Internet was only used by the government (政府). But in the early 1970s, universities, hospitals and banks were allowed to use it, too. However, computers were still very expensive and the Internet was difficult to use. By the start of the 1990s, computers became cheaper and easier to use. Scientists had also developed software that made “surfing” the Internet more convenient.

Today it is easy to get on-line and it is said millions of people use the Internet every day. Sending e-mails is more and more popular among students.

The Internet has now become one of the most important parts of people’s life.

小题1:The Internet has a history of more than _________ years.

A.fifty

B.ten

C.forty

D.twenty小题2:A new network system was set up to_______.

A.make computers cheaper

B.make itself keep on working all the time

C.break down the whole networks

D.make computers large and expensive小题3: At first the Internet was only used by __________.

A.the government

B.universities

C.hospital and banks

D.schools小题4: ________ made “surfing” the Internet more convenient.

A.Computers

B.Scientists

C.Software

D.Information小题5: Which of the following sentences is true?

A.In the 1960s, computer networks worked well

B.In the early 1970s, the Internet was easy to use.

C.Sending e-mails is more popular among students than before.

D.Today it is still not easy to get on-line.

多项选择题