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何兹全:一个时代的结束

2011年2月15日20时,101岁的史学泰斗、教育家何兹全先生,在北京二炮总医院驾鹤西去。作为当年史语所最后一位老人,何兹全的离去,标志着一个时代的结束。

“我生的时代,是世界、中国千载不遇的大变动的时代,也是一个大浪淘沙的时代,”何先生曾说,“我是‘幸运’的,也是‘悲剧’的。

去年此时,我曾去北师大红楼访问何兹全先生。我清晰地记得,何先生坐在电视机前,看冬奥会滑雪比赛的情景。那天刚下过一场雪,何先生颇有兴致,想去外面看雪景。他的学生——北师大历史系教授宁欣推他出去,摄影师还给他们拍了照。我还记得,那天何兹全先生给我们讲述过往的人事。平淡的语气,去除了一切跌宕起伏与惊心动魄。

何先生几乎经历了20世纪中国历史的所有动荡,他本人也与中国现代史上很多重要人物有过交往。他曾给投靠汪精卫的陶希圣写信:“在重庆百万大军的基础上,对日本人才有和可谈;离开重庆,就只有投降,没有和平。”1950年回国之前,胡适曾和他谈起国内对他的批判:“国内这些人写的文章,其实不是真的在批判我,是不得已而为之,这一点我心里是清楚的。”

何先生的学生苏小华说,何先生上课总是天马行空。本来是在谈“魏晋封建说”、“亚细亚生产方式”等问题,谈着谈着,就谈到伊拉克战争、非典、东北亚的国际形势、国民党的历史,或者就谈到胡适、傅斯年、何柄棣、启功去了。

“何先生跟他们亲自交往过,见解往往不同流俗。”苏小华说,“比如,他说启功先生是道家,是庄子的道,不是老子的道。先生将这句话讲给启功之后,启先生说,我以后就管你叫哥了,这个哥叫得有点晚。”尽管何先生一生中的朋友形色各异,但他一直中间偏左,为人处事也始终保持中庸的态度——进步,但不过激。这是何先生一生的写照。

“那时,讲课最受欢迎的是胡适、傅斯年、陶希圣和钱穆,不仅讲课生动,而且见解独到,”何兹全说,“老一代的学者,学问基础都很扎实,前四史、十三经都可以背诵。傅斯年引用古书,要找出处,就整篇整篇地背诵,背完这篇,又背另外一篇。”

学术上,何兹全受陶希圣的影响很大,而恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》、《德国农民战争》和考茨基的《基督教之基础》则让他接触到了辩证法和唯物论。

1944年何兹全进入史语所。史语所由傅斯年于1928年创办,是当时中国最权威的学术机构,集中了陈寅恪、赵元任、罗常培、李方桂、李济、董作宾等一批学者。晚年,何先生回顾自己一生的学术之路时曾说,史语所的经历奠定了他一生学术研究的基础。

当年,傅斯年、陶希圣等人迁往台湾,爱国心切的何兹全却放弃了美国哥伦比亚大学的研究职位,回到大陆,落户于北师大历史系。

1950年,他写出《汉魏之际社会经济的变化》一文,与毛 * * 所倡导的“封建制度自周秦以来一直延续了三千年左右”的论点相距甚远。尽管如此,他还是继续写出了《关于中国古代社会的几个问题》,正式提出“汉魏之际封建说”。

不久,史学界就开始了对魏晋之际封建社会说的批判。“ * * ”开始,何兹全被贴上“特务”和“反动学术权威”的标签。1970年,他被分配到临汾干校劳动两年。

经历了“ * * ”的风雨,何兹全不再与人争辩,埋头于自己的学问。1989年,标志他史学思想的集大成之作《中国古代社会》出版了。这部书的主旨思想,发端于北大求学期间,历经半个多世纪,终于得以呈现在世人面前。此时的何兹全已是须发皆白的老人。

10年前,在《九十自我学术评述》里,何兹全写道:20世纪30年代初学写文章,到现在已近70年。回头看看自己的成就,虽然有时也曾“骄傲”、“委屈”,但基本上大多时间还是虚心和甚或心虚的。客观、公平地评估自己的一生,有四字可用:“贫乏”但不“浅薄”。

如今,这位谦逊的老人走了,留下的是一套六卷本的史学著作集。

(节选自《南方人物周刊》)

小题1:下列对传记有关内容的分析和概括,不正确的两项是(5分)(  )

A.去世前一年,作者去看望何兹全先生时,他的身体还一直不错,在电视里看过冬奥会滑雪比赛之后,颇有兴致地去外面看雪景。

B.何先生上课总是天马行空,往往讲到一个问题,就会联系到国际、国内过去或现在发生的一系列大事,甚至联系到个人。

C.学术上,何兹全受陶希圣的影响很大,他的唯物主义历史观就是从陶希圣那里学到的。

D.1950年,他写了一篇文章,与毛 * * 所倡导的论点相距甚远。后来,他不顾史学界对魏晋封建说的批判,还是继续写出了《关于中国古代社会的几个问题》。E.何先生静心研究学问,历经半个多世纪,终于完成《中国古代社会》这部他史学思想的集大成之作。

小题2:何先生曾说,“我是‘幸运’的,也是‘悲剧’的。”你是怎么样理解这句话的?请结合文章谈谈你的看法。(6分)

小题3:请说说文章画线句子“先生将这句话讲给启功之后,启先生说,我以后就管你叫哥了,这个哥叫得有点晚。”的作用是什么?(4分)

答案

小题1:CD (选对一个得3分,选对两个得5分。)

小题2:①何先生所生的时代,既是世界、中国千载不遇的大变动的时代,也是一个大浪淘沙的时代。②何先生是幸运的,他几乎经历了20世纪中国历史的所有动荡,但最终幸运的活下来,而且他本人也与中国现代史上很多重要人物有过交往,他是20世纪中国历史的一个见证。③悲剧体现在:一生经历太多动荡,影响学术研究。(每点2分,共6分。)

小题3:①为了论证何先生跟很多大人物都亲自交往过,并且见解往往不同流俗。②说明何先生对启功的看法非常准确,启功很佩服,有“相识”恨晚之感。(每点2分,共4分)

小题1:

题目分析:“筛选并整合文中的信息”包含两方面的要求,一是“筛选信息”,一是“整合信息”。 所谓“筛选信息”,就是按照考题设定的阅读目的对文章进行分析,凭借整体感知,经过辨别,快速准确地捕捉到命题所需要的有效信息。所谓“整合信息” 就是根据答题的要求,对筛选所得的信息作出正确的认知,把握各信息材料之间的关系,并能归纳综合,或者按照命题要求进行信息重组,形成准确的答案。分析可知:C.他的唯物主义历史观是从恩格斯等人那里学到的。D.事件先后顺序不对,先写了《关于中国古代社会的几个问题》,而后魏晋封建说受到批判。

小题2:

题目分析:本题从两方面去分析和理解即“幸运的”“悲剧的”。结合原文,“幸运”是他几乎经历了20世纪中国历史的所有动荡并最终活下来,他与中国现代史上很多重要人物有过交往。“悲剧”是他所在的时代是世界、中国的大变动时代,也正是社会动荡才影响了他的学术研究。谈出看法,具有一定的灵活性和开放性,可对问题一分为二的去分析。

小题3:

题目分析:理解文中重要句子必须考虑它在文章中出现的位置,如本题句子为语段中内涵丰富的句子。关键要找准它的“管辖范围”,应从全文整体联系中去理解文章语句丰富的内涵,搜取相关内容,或概括,或摘录,或整合,寻求正确答案。研读原文可知,这句话正是为了证明本段首句“何先生跟他们亲自交往过,见解往往不同流俗。”并且体现了何先生对启功的看法:一是佩服,二是有“相识”恨晚之感。

单项选择题

Pupils at GCSE are to be allowed to abandon learning traditional "hard" science, including the meaning of the periodic table, in favour of "soft" science such as the benefits of genetic engineering and healthy eating. The statutory requirement for pupils to learn a science subject will be watered down under a new curriculum introduced next year. There will be no compulsion to master the periodic table—the basis of chemistry—nor basic scientific laws that have informed the work of all the great scientists such as Newton and Einstein. The changes, which the government believes will make science more "relevant" to the 21st century, have been attacked by scientists as a "dumbing down" of the subject. In June the government had to announce financial incentives to tackle a shortage of science teachers. Academics have estimated that a fifth of science lessons are taught by teachers who are not adequately qualified.
Most children now study for the double-award science GCSE, which embraces elements of biology, chemistry and physics. This GCSE will be scrapped and ministers have agreed that from next year all 14-years-old will be required to learn about the general benefits and risks of contemporary scientific developments, in a new science GCSE. A harder science GCSE will also be introduced as an optional course. One expert involved in devising the new system believes it will halve the number of state school pupils studying "hard" science. Independent schools and more talented pupils in the state sector are likely to shun the new papers in favour of the GCSEs in the individual science disciplines of physics, chemistry and biology. These will continue to require pupils to achieve an understanding of scientific principles.
The new exams were devised after proposals by academics at King’s College London, who told ministers that science lessons were often "dull and boring" and required pupils to recall too many facts. Their report said: "Contemporary analyses of the labour market suggest that our future society will need a larger number of individuals with a broader understanding of science both for their work and to enable them to participate as citizens in a democratic society. "
However, Professor Colin Blakemore, chief executive of the Medical Research Council, warned that reducing the "hard" science taught in schools would create problems. "I can understand the government’s motives," he said. "There is a crisis of public confidence in science which is reducing the progress of policy on such issues as nuclear energy and stem cell research. But sixth-formers are already arriving at university without the depth of knowledge required." Others endorse the new approach. Results at North Chadderton upper school in Oldham—one of 80 schools piloting the new "softer" GCSE, named Twenty first Century Science have improved. Martyn Overy, the head of science, said: "The proportion getting higher grades in science went up from 60% to 75%. The course kept their interest, had more project work and was more relevant. "
As part of their course, the pupils studied what kind of food they needed to keep fit and healthy. Critics say it is only marginally more demanding than following the advice of Nigella Lawson, the television chef, who promotes the benefits of eating proper meals instead of snacking from the fridge. Some science teachers are skeptical. Mo Afzal, head of science at the independent Warwick school, said. "These changes will widen the gap between independent and state schools. Even the GCSE that is designed for those going on to A-level science is not as comprehensive as the test it replaces." John Holman, director of the National Science Learning Centre at York University, who advised the government on the content of the new system, said: "The new exam is not dumbing down. The study of how science works is more of a challenge than rote learning. "

SCIENCE LESSONS


Out

                

In


Periodic table______ The drugs debate______
Ionic equations______ Slimming issues______
Structure of the atom______ Smoking and health______
Boyle’s law______ IVF treatment______
Ohm’s law______ Nuclear controversy______

Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage

A.The government had to use financial incentives to attract more science teachers.

B.Some of the secondary school science teachers are not adequately qualified.

C.The new science GCSE will include the benefits and risks of contemporary scientific developments.

D.A harder science GCSE will also be introduced as a compulsory course.

单项选择题