问题 问答题

如图所示,长为L、质量为M的小船停在静水中,质量为m的人从静止开始从船头走到船尾,不计水的阻力,求船和人对地面的位移各为多少?

答案

以人和船组成的系统为研究对象,在人由船头走到船尾的过程中,系统在水平方向不受外力作用,所以整个系统在水平方向动量守恒。当人起步加速前进时,船同时向后做加速运动;人匀速运动,则船匀速运动;当人停下来时,船也停下来。设某时刻人对地的速度为v,船对地的速度为v',取人行进的方向为正方向,根据动量守恒定律有:,即

因为人由船头走到船尾的过程中,每一时刻都满足动量守恒定律,所以每一时刻人的速度与船的速度之比,都与它们的质量之比成反比。因此人由船头走到船尾的过程中,人的平均速度v与船的平均速度v也与它们的质量成反比,即,而人的位移,船的位移,所以船的位移与人的位移也与它们的质量成反比,即

<1>式是“人船模型”的位移与质量的关系,此式的适用条件:原来处于静止状态的系统,在系统发生相对运动的过程中,某一个方向的动量守恒。由图1可以看出:

由<1><2>两式解得

完形填空

第二节完型填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分。满分30分)

阅读下面的短文,掌握其大意,然后从各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Once upon a time, there was a large mountainside, where an eagle’s nest rested. The eagle’s nest contained four  41  eagle eggs. One day an earthquake rocked (使震动) the mountain  42  one of the eggs to roll down the mountain,  43  a chicken farm, which was in the valley below. The chickens knew that they must  44  and care for the eagle’s egg, so an old hen (母鸡)  45  to hatch (孵) and raise the large egg.

One day, the egg hatched and a beautiful eagle was born.  46 , however, the eagle was raised to be a(n)  47 . Soon, the eagle believed he was  48  more than a chicken. The eagle loved his home and family, 49__his spirit cried out for more. While playing a game on the farm one day, the eagle looked to the skies above and  50  a group of eagles soaring in the skies. “Oh,” the eagle  51 , “I wish I could soar like those birds.” The chickens shouted with 52 , “You cannot soar with those birds. You are a chicken and chickens do not soar.”

The eagle  53  staring at his real family up above, 54  that he could be with them. Each time the eagle would let his  55  be known, he was told it couldn’t be done. That is  56  the eagle learned to believe. Slowly, the eagle  57  dreaming and continued to live his life like a chicken.  58 , after a long life as a chicken, the eagle  59__.

You become what you believe you are; so if you ever dream to become an eagle, 60__  your dreams, not the words of a chicken.

41. A. large           B. curious                     C. small                       D. fortunate

42. A. guiding         B. blowing                   C. causing                    D. inviting

43. A. on                 B. over                         C. past                         D. to

44. A. introduce       B. punish                  C. protect                        D. share

45. A. offered         B. regretted                  C. managed                  D. turned

46. A. Carefully        B. Gently                        C. Sadly                      D. Luckily

47. A. chicken          B. eagle                        C. hero                         D. fool

48. A. something       B. everything            C. anything                   D. nothing

49. A. and             B. but                        C. so                        D. however

50. A. noticed             B. recognized            C. respected                  D. watched

51. A. cried               B. smiled                  C. argued                        D. explained

52. A. excitement       B. anger                   C. laughter                   D. surprise

53. A. approached         B. avoided                C. continued                 D. considered

54. A. promising          B. proving                C. believing                  D. dreaming

55. A. suggestion           B. advantage             C. dream                  D. discovery

56. A. what                B. why                     C. how                         D. when

57. A. went                B. enjoyed                C. began                   D. stopped

58. A. Happily              B. Finally                C. Quickly                        D. Probably

59. A. gave up                     B. broke down            C. passed away           D. died out

60. A. steal                B. follow                 C. have                          D. remember

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