问题 问答题

比较局域网各类拓扑结构的优缺点。

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解析:局域网各类拓扑结构的优缺点如下: (1) 总线型网络 优点:①由于传输线上没有中继器之类的有源部件,因此正常使用可靠性很高。②总线上连接的工作站的增加、拆除和挪动比较容易。③在总线上传输的速率比较高,这是同轴电缆的性质决定的。④整个网络的拓扑结构简单,容易理解.易于安装。 缺点:①排除故障比较麻烦,由于总线型刚络的设备是串联在一起的,因此有一处中断,全网就不能工作,似乎有理由认为在中断处的一方的工作站应该是依然能够相互连接的,而实际上是全部中断,完全不能连接,给维护带来一定麻烦。②不能使用光纤通讯。③由于总线提供双方向传输,总线上的电气信号通路的分支很多,干扰大。 (2) 环型网络 优点:①由于环型网络具有单向传输和有源介入的特性,故此适于使用光纤作为通信链路。②节点到节点之间采用点对点的连接方式,结构比较简单。③每个节点只是接收前一个节点发来的信息,控制比较简单。 缺点:①任何一个节点的接口线路或任何一处传输线路损坏,都会使网络瘫痪,可靠性较差。②在环型网上增加或减少一个节点,都是比较困难和麻烦的工作。 (3) 星型网络 优点:①可以利用现有程控电话小交换机系统的线路来组建局域网。②适合地形复杂,其它网络布局难以适应的外部环境。③不会因一台工作站故障而影响全局。 缺点。①可靠性较差,如果中心设备出现故障,则全网瘫痪。②每次通信,不管实际信息量有多少,都要建立通信线路的呼叫连接。③通信线路不能公用,线路的利用率比较低。 (4) 线星混合型网络 优点:①可靠性好,不易中断。②维护性好,易于判断故障点,进行修复。 缺点:增加了集线器的费用,并且网络结构比较复杂。

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The Commission is expected to propose allowing people to choose which legal jurisdiction they would come under, based on their (1) or their residency. But the proposal is set to (2) because of the very different laws on divorce that apply across the EU. The Commission wants to (3) problems over which law to apply when, for example, a married couple from one member state is (4) in another member state or when the couple is of different EU nationalities.
The (5) of member states are said to be (6) the idea and responded positively to a (6) which followed the (8) of a Commission Green Paper. With 15 percent of German divorces each year involving couples of different nationalities, the government of Berlin (9) see resolved the issue of which laws should apply.
But some member states are expected to resist the (10) which would involve allowing different divorce laws to be applied in their countries. For example, in Ireland where the divorce law states a couple must have been separated for four years, establish that their marriage has broken down and be offered (11) , a couple from Sweden could apply to an Irish court to allow them to divorce under Swedish law, where divorce can be (12) quickly.
The Irish government’s (13) to the Commission on the Green Paper stated: "Ireland is not in favor of allowing (14) to choose the applicable law, as this could be open to abuse.., such abuse would be likely to (15) most on divorce regimes, such as that of Ireland, which require a relatively long separation period." Ireland, like the UK, however, is allowed to choose whether to "opt-in" to such a proposal under rules agreed in the Amsterdam treaty. Malta has no such (16) but could (17) the proposal in the Council of Ministers since (18) approval will be required.
"It is going to lead to (19) ," said Geoffrey Shannon, Irish expert on the Commission on European Family Law, which examines the (20) of EU family law.
The proposal would also mean that judges would have to be trained in the divorce law of all 25 member states.