问题 单项选择题

诗的源头是歌谣。上古时候,没有文字,只有唱的歌谣,没有写的诗。一个人高兴的时候或悲哀的时候,常愿意将自己的心情诉说出来,给别人或自己听。日常的言语不够劲儿,便用歌唱;一唱三叹的叫别人回肠荡气。唱叹再不够的话,便手也舞起来了,脚也蹈起来了,反正要将劲儿使到了家。碰到节日,大家聚在一起酬神作乐,唱歌的机会更多。或一唱众和,或彼此竞胜。传说葛天氏的乐八章,三个人唱,拿着牛尾,踏着脚,似乎就是描写这种光景的。歌谣越唱越多,虽没有书,却存在人的记忆里。有了现成的歌儿,就可借他人酒杯,浇自己块垒;随时拣一支合适的唱唱,也足可消愁解闷。若没有完全合适的,尽可删一些改一些,到称意为止。流行的歌谣中往往不同的词句并行不悖,就是为此。可也有经过众人修饰,成为定本的。歌谣真可说是“一人的机锋,多人的智慧”了。
歌谣可分为徒歌和乐歌。徒歌是随口唱,乐歌是随着乐器唱。徒歌也有节奏,手舞脚蹈便是帮助节奏的;可是乐歌的节奏更规律化些。乐器在中国似乎早就有了,《礼记》里说的土鼓土槌儿、芦管儿,也许是我们乐器的老祖宗。到了《诗经》时代,有了琴瑟钟鼓,已是 。歌谣的节奏最主要的靠重叠或叫复沓;本来歌谣以表情为主,只要翻来覆去将情表到了家就成,用不着费话。重叠可以说原是歌谣的生命,节奏也便建立在这上头。字数的均齐,韵脚的调协,似乎是后来发展出来的。有了这些,重叠才在诗歌里失去主要的地位。
有了文字以后,才有人将那些歌谣记录下来,便是最初的写的诗了。但记录的人似乎并不是因为欣赏的缘故,更不是因为研究的缘故。他们大概是些乐工,乐工的职务是奏乐和唱歌;唱歌得有词儿,一面是口头传授,一面也就有了唱本儿。歌谣便是这么写下来的。我们知道春秋时的乐工就和后世阔人家的戏班子一样,老板叫做太师。那时各国都养着一班乐工,各国使臣来往,宴会时都得奏乐唱歌。太师们不但得搜集本国乐歌,还得搜集别国乐歌。不但搜集乐词,还得搜集乐谱。那时的社会有贵族与平民两级。太师们是伺候贵族的,所搜集的歌儿自然得合贵族们的口味;平民的作品是不会入选的。他们搜得的歌谣,有些是乐歌,有些是徒歌。徒歌得合乐才好用。合乐的时候,往往得增加重叠的字句或章节,便不能保存歌词的原来样子。除了这种搜集的歌谣以外,太师们所保存的还有贵族们为了特种事情,如祭祖、宴客、房屋落成、出兵、打猎等作的诗。这些可以说是典礼的诗。又有讽谏、颂美等等的献诗;献诗是臣下作了献给君上,准备让乐工唱给君上听的,可以说是政治的诗。太师们保存下这些唱本儿,带着乐谱;唱词儿共有三百多篇,当时通称做“诗三百”。到了战国时代,贵族渐渐衰落,平民渐渐抬头,新乐代替了古乐,职业的乐工纷纷散走。乐谱就此亡失,但是还有三百来篇唱词儿流传下来。便是后来的《诗经》了。
“诗言志”是一句古话;“诗”这个字就是“言”、“志”两个字合成的。但古代所谓“言志”和现在所谓“抒情”并不一样;那“志”总是关联着政治或教化的。春秋时通行赋诗。在外交的宴会里,各国使臣往往得点一篇诗或几篇诗叫乐工唱。这很像现在的请客点戏,不同处是所点的诗句必加上政治的意味。这可以表示这国对那国或这人对那人的愿望、感谢、责难等等,都从诗篇里断章取义。断章取义是不管上下文的意义,只将一章中一两句拉出来,就当前的环境,作政治的暗示。如《左传》襄公二十七年,郑伯宴晋使赵孟于垂陇,赵孟请大家赋诗,他想看看大家的“志”。子太叔赋的是《野有蔓草》。原诗首章云,“野有蔓草,零露博兮,有美一人,清扬婉兮。邂逅相遇,适我愿兮。”子太叔只取末两句,借以表示郑国欢迎赵孟的意思;上文他就不管。全诗原是男女私情之作,他更不管了。可是这样办正是“诗言志”;在那回宴会里,赵孟就和予太叔说了“诗以言志”这句话。
到了孔子时代,赋诗的事已经不行了,孔子却采取了断章取义的办法,用《诗》来讨论做学问做人的道理。“如切如磋,如琢如磨,”本来说的是治玉,将玉比人。他却用来教训学生做学问的工夫。“巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以为绚兮”,本来说的是美人,所谓天生丽质。他却拉出末句来比方作画,说先有白底子,才会有画,是一步步进展的;作画还是比方,他说的是文化,人先是朴野的,后来才进展了文化——文化必须修养而得,并不是与生俱来的。他如此解诗,所以说“思无邪”一句话可以包括“诗三百”的道理;又说诗可以鼓舞人,联合人,增加阅历,发泄牢骚,事父事君的道理都在里面。孔予以后,“诗三百”成为儒家的《六经》之一, 《庄子》和《荀子》里都说到“诗言志”,那个“志”便指教化而言。
(节选自朱自清《经典常谈·诗经第四》。北京出版社。2004)

从下列语词中选择一个填入第二段的横线处,意思最为恰当的是______。

A.多如牛毛

B.汗牛充栋

C.洋洋大观

D.洋洋洒洒

答案

参考答案:C

解析: “洋洋大观”:形容事物繁多,丰富多彩。用在文中最合适。“洋洋洒洒”:形容规模或气势盛大。“汗牛充栋”:形容书籍极多。“多如牛毛”:形容数量极多。此词太夸张了,用在文中不合适。又因为此词只形容多,没有“丰富多彩”义,故C项是最合适的。

阅读理解

C

After watching my mother deal with our family of five, I can’t understand why answer to the

question, “What do you do?” is always, “Oh, I’m just a housewife.” JUST a housewife?” Anyone who spends most of her time in meal preparation and cleanup, keeping the house clean, attending PTA meetings, leading a scout troop, playing taxi driver to us kids when it’s time for school, musical lessons or the dentist, doing volunteer work for her community is not just a housewife. She’s the real Wonder Woman.

Why is it that so many mothers like mine think of themselves as second.class or something similar? Where has this notion come from? Have we males made them feel this way? Has our society  made“going to work” outside the home seem more important than what a housewife must face each day?  I would be every curious to see what would happen if a housewife went on strike.Dishes would  pie up.Food in the house would run out.There would be no learn clothes when needed.Walking and bus riding would increase.

I doubt if the man of the house would be able to take over.Oh,he would probably start out with the attitude that he can do just as good a job,but how long would that last? Not 1ong, once he had to come home each night after work to more housework. There would be no coming home to a prepared meal; The kids would all be screaming for something to eat, clean clothes and more bus fare money. Once he quieted the kids, he’d have to clean the house, go shopping, make sure that kids got a bath, after clearing out all the dog hairs from the bathtub. Once the kids were down for the night, he might be able to craw(爬)into an unmade bed and try to read the morning newspaper.

64.What does the writer’s mother NOT do according to the first paragraph?

A.Cooking.            B.Tidying the house.  

C.Driving a taxi.         D.Some unpaid work.

65.The underlined word “notion” in the second paragraph can be replaced by the word        .

A.mother     B.citizen      C.similarity  D.thought

66.We can learn from the second paragraph        .

A.mothers are actually great women  B.our society looks down upon housewives

C.housewives should go on a strike    D.doing housework is not important at all

67.The possible main idea of the third paragraph is        .

A.men should share housework with their wives

B.attitude is not the only thing needed to do a job well

C.kids are the most challenging part of the housework

D.men are unlikely to handle the work of a housewife

单项选择题