问题 问答题

试述经济中自动稳定器及其发挥作用的机制。

答案

参考答案:

解析:自动稳定器,亦称内在稳定器,是指经济系统本身存在的一种会减少各种干扰对国民收入冲击的机制,能够在经济繁荣时期自动抑制膨胀,在经济衰退时期自动减轻萧条,无须政府采取任何行动。财政政策的这种内在稳定经济的功能主要通过下述三项制度得到发挥。 (1)政府税收的自动变化。当经济衰退时,国民产出水平下降,个人收入减少,在税率不变的情况下,政府税收会自动减少,留给人们的可支配收入也会自动地少减少一些,从而使消费和需求也自动地少下降一些。在实行累进税的情况下,经济衰退使纳税人的收入自动进入较低纳税档次,政府税收下降的幅度会超过收入下降的幅度,从而可起到抑制衰退的作用。反之,当经济繁荣时,失业率下降,人们收入自动增加,税收会随个人收入增加而自动增加,可支配收入也就会自动地少增加一些,从而使消费和总需求自动地少增加一些。在实行累进税的情况下,繁荣使纳税人的收入自动进入较高的纳税档次,政府税收上升的幅度会超过收入上升的幅度,从而起到抑制通货膨胀的作用。由此西方学者认为,税收的这种因经济变动而自动发生变化的内在机动性和伸缩性是一种有助于减轻经济波动的自动稳定因素。 (2)政府支出的自动变化。这里主要是指政府的转移支付,它包括政府的失业救济和其他社会福利支出。当经济出现衰退与萧条时,失业增加,符合救济条件的人数增多,失业救济和其他社会福利开支就会相应增加,这样就可以抑制人们收入特别是可支配收入的下降,进而抑制消费需求的下降。当经济繁荣时,失业人数减少,失业救济和其他福利费支出也会自然减少,从而抑制可支配收入和消费的增长。 (3)农产品价格维持制度。经济萧条时,国民收入下降,农产品价格下降,政府依照农产品价格维持制度,按支持价格收购农产品,可使农民收入和消费维持在一定水平上。经济繁荣时,国民收入水平上升,农产品价格上升,这时政府减少对农产品的收购并抛售农产品,限制农产品价格上升,也就抑制农民收入的增长,从而也就减少了总需求的增加量。总之,政府税收和转移支付的自动变化、农产品价格维持制度对宏观经济活动都能起到稳定作用。它们都是财政制度的内在稳定器,是对经济波动的第一道防线。

阅读理解

Do you know how to be street smart? Being street smart means knowing how to keep yourself safe from strangers when you’re alone or with other kids.  1  .

Most strangers aren’t dangerous and wouldn’t do anything to hurt kids. Unfortunately, though, some strangers can be dangerous, and it’s impossible to tell who’s OK and who’s not.  2 That’s why it’s important to follow these safety rules all the time.

Make your whereabouts known.

The adult who’s taking care of you needs to know where you are and when you’ll be coming home.

It’s more fun and safer to do things with friends. Traveling with a friend whenever you can is a good idea, and traveling with a group of kids is even better.

 4 Safe spots are places where you can stop if you need help, like the houses of kids you know, the houses of your parents’ friends, police stations, libraries, and fire departments. When you’re walking or riding your bike, make a mental note of the safe spots along your route. That way, you’ll know where they are in case you ever need one.

  5 You’ve probably been told lots of times that you should not yell and keep quiet. But when you think you might be in danger, it’s the perfect time to be noisy! If a stranger approaches you, follows you or tries to grab you, yell as loudly as you can and try to get away. People in the area will hear what’s going on and help you , so make plenty of noise.

A.stick with (紧跟,不离开) a friend.

B.Pick out safe spots.

C.It helps you stay safe.

D.Shout “help” when necessary.E. Go to school with your friends.

F. Make a lot of noise if you’re scared.

G. A dangerous person doesn’t necessarily look scary.

名词解释