常见心理防御有哪些？
参考答案：
心理防御的种类有很多，主要包括：
（1）否认，对现实的否认或对自己情绪的否认，掩耳盗铃就属于这一类的防御方式。
（2）固执，不论自己的主意是否正确都坚持，也是一种任性的表现。
（3）转移，把情感、欲望或行为从原本有的发展阶段转移到其它事物上，比如，在外面受了批评，回家来对家长发脾气。
（4）合理化，就是为自己的"不良"动机开脱和找借口，或对失败进行可接受的解释，阿Q精神胜利法就是典型。
（5）外投射，将自己内心不为外界所接受的想法、欲望、情感归咎于他人。比如，一个恨别人的人，确信"他恨我"。
（6）升华，自己把那些可能是不道德或违反伦理的强烈的潜意识欲念，以社会较能接受的形式表现出来，从而得到社会的认可和赞同。
（7）退行，是指当人们遇到挫折时，放弃已经习惯的成人方式，而恢复使用早期幼稚的方法去回避现实，摆脱痛苦。
Task 11
Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished .statements, numbered 36 through 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
| As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out Of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities, others lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "flight or fight" and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress is, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Since we can’t remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it. |
Which one of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A．We can find quite a few ways to avoid stress.
B．Stress is always harmful to people’s health.
C．It’s easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.
D．Different people can bear different amount of stress.