问题 单项选择题

阅读下面的文章,回答第22—25题。(一)辩证唯物主义的认识论,把实践作为认识过程的基础,这是它同以前的认识论相区别的一个根本标志。因此, 要全面关注孩子的素质,首先必须关注他们的活动的发展和变化。 (二)辩证唯物主义认为,人的心理既不是由什么先天的遗传、先验的精神或图式决定的,也不是由环境、由外界事物机械地决定的。人的心理,包 括儿童的心理,并不是什么先天的东西预定的运动,也不是对外界事物的直观的、机械的反映,而是在人的积极活动中,在主体和客体相互作用中的一种能动的反 映。人的心理,包括儿童的心理,都是在活动中形成的,也是在活动中表现的,并且随着活动形态(游戏、学习、劳动)的不断发展而向前发展。这才是正确理解 人,包括儿童心理发展的正确的钥匙。(三)人的实践活动主要是认识世界和改造世界的活动。但从个体来说,实践活动有一个形成和发展过程。儿童出生不久,就产生了完整的有目的动 作;继而便出现了专门接受人类经验的学习活动;最后,出现了改造自然、改造社会的劳动生产和社会生活这一典型形态的实践活动。在这一过程中,儿童从学会适 应社会生活,逐步发展到学会改造社会。这样, 他就成为一个独立的社会成员

这篇短文所讨论的主要问题是()。

A.辩证唯物主义的认识论

B.实践活动与儿童心理发展

C. 人的心理的形成过程

D. 实践活动的重要性

答案

参考答案:B

解析:本篇短文运用辩证唯物主义来解读儿童的心理发展。因此B项较为合适。

单项选择题

Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment.

(6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning.

The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure.

"Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) ," wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. " (17) , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression," they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.

5()

A. result from

B. suppose to

C. result in

D. lead in

单项选择题