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试联系实际论述国际产品生命周期理论。

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参考答案:

国际产品生命周期理论是美国哈佛大学教授雷蒙德•弗农(RaymondVernon)以产品生命周期理论为基础,对世界贸易和投资方式提出的一个新概念。根据这一理论,从国际市场上看,产品同样要经历投入、成长、成熟和衰退四个发展阶段。 

(1)产品投入期即新产品阶段。创新国通过研究和开发新产品,并引入本国市场。由于产品尚未定型,技术还不完善,竞争对手没有出现,在本国生产是最佳选择。当生产发展到一定水平,产品将逐渐出口到其他发达国家。 

(2)产品成长期。在这一阶段,技术日臻完善,产量扩大,创新国的出口量亦日渐扩大。同时,其他发达国家开始涉入同一领域,并可能利用自己在技术、质量、成本等某一方面拥有的某些优势与创新国竞争,争夺本国市场。 

(3)产品成熟期。此时,发达国家与创新国的竞争不仅表现在本国市场,而且进一步波及到发展中国家。而且由于产品标准化程度加深,竞争者会越来越多。 

(4)产品衰退期。这是指该产品在创新国由于机会成本等原因导致的生产量上的衰退,而该产品将逐渐退出市场。 

运用国际产品生命周期概念,我们可以利用不同产品在不同国家市场所处的不同阶段,调整出口产品的地区结构,将在甲市场处于下降阶段的产品转向尚处于上升阶段的乙市场,从而延长产品的生命周期。还可以因势利导,及时接产发达国家转移或即将淘汰的产品,填补其他地区的市场空白。 

单项选择题


Filled with the euphoria of victory and dreams of their first Big Ten title in 11 years, Penn State University students rushed the field as time expired in their win over Ohio State. In the chaos that followed, the campus police struggled to keep control, and identifying the overzealous fans seemed impossible, impossible, that is, until the police department turned to a new crime-fighting tool: facebook. com.
Penn State officers had warned the students in advance last October that crossing over from the stands was a safety hazard and would not be permitted. When the rules were broken, a quick search online revealed the facebook, com photo album "1 rushed the field after the OSU game and lived." The album creator had even helpfully tagged all of those involved — offering the campus police an easy way to issue stem warnings. "It was really dangerous and not acceptable behavior," says Tyrone Parham, assistant director at the PSU police. "We needed to send a message. We searched the group, contacted the individuals and said that this was not tolerable behavior."
Long a student favorite and the seventh most-trafficked Internet site, facebook. com has found a new following — those who wear blue. Traditionally, campus police forces have followed noise reports in their attempt to keep Saturday nights safe. But the advent of social networking sites is starting to revolutionize campus detective work.
George Washington University police department chief Dolores Stafford claims, "Facebook exists and can certainly be a tool, but we’re not out there looking at the site." Students at the college, however, are not so sure. When rumors flew that campus cops were using the student social network to infringe their right to party, GWU students decided to exact revenge. In a carefully executed plan, students filled facebook, com with chatter about a raging party they were throwing, hoping the police would be watching. They were not disappointed. When the officers arrived, they found shots glasses brimming with chocolate cake, Beirut cups filled with frosting, and party-goers loaded up on sugar rather than alcohol.
While the GWU police deny using the Internet to find the party, the students felt vindicated. "Cake Party" attendee Kyle Stoneman comments: "From a larger standpoint, there’s nothing immoral or illegal about the police using facebook. com. I guess they’ll play their game, we’ll play ours, and we’ll see who wins."
For college police forces, however, the issue is about more than winning. Instead, they try to find that delicate balance between upholding the law (read: preventing underage drinking) and maintaining good relations with the students (read: turning a blind eye). "It’s a never-ending struggle," says Fisher College Chief of Campus Police John McLaughlin. "Like any other college and university, we want this to be as open of a relationship as possible. We don’t want to be too obtrusive and we also don’t want to be too strict. It requires real diligence."

Which of the following best describes facebook. com

A.(A) It is a popular website with the students.

B.(B) It is crime-fighting tool invented by the police.

C.(C) It is an electronic book of strict campus regulations.

D.(D) It is a virtual party held on the Internet.

计算题