问题 单项选择题

过去,是生产决定需要。工厂生产千篇一律的中山装,老百姓就得人人穿中山装。然而,在市场经济时代,是需要决定生产。你再生产千篇一律的中山装,老百姓不买你的帐,他们的意志通过市场表现出来,逼着你去开发新产品,实行“产品革新”。当然,市场推动技术发展,并不意味着技术发展完全决定于市场。众所周知,技术革新包括“产品革新”与“工程革新”这两个侧面。显然,产品革新需要工程革新给予支持,工程革新也需要产品革新加以引导。 

市场既然具有刺激产品革新的作用,当然也对工程革新具有间接的刺激作用。特别是激烈的市场竞争,推动广大企业努力提高产品质量,降低成本,这些都要通过工程革新来实现。 

然而,对于一个企业来说,市场仅仅是刺激工程革新的“外因”,而直接导致工程革新的内因,则在于生产内在的矛盾。这种矛盾推动尚未发生革新的生产环节乃至整个生产技术体系出现“工程革新”。 

由此可见,技术发展的动力主要来自两个方面——市场和生产。[]对“产品革新”的推动作用更为直接、明显。 

记得一位经济学家说过:“一个国家的竞争力在于生产,如果生产搞不好,无论采取什么经济政策都将无济于事。” 

战后美日技术发展的比较,为说明以上道理提供了生动的例证。本来,从半导体到汽车到电视机,重大的产品革新都是由美国人实现的。然而,“后来居上”的日本人在上述所有产品的竞争中都把美国人打败了。日本人靠的是什么最主要的就是靠重视生产,重视工程革新。日美竞争力的差距主要体现于两国生产的差距、工程革新的差距。 

与日、美等资本主义市场经济国家相比,我国科技体制的一个独特之处是,我国的科技主力军在企业之外,而人家的科技主力军均分布于企业之中。虽然多年改革,我国科技主力与企业分离的状况并未得到根本改变。当然,技术市场的迅速发展,给科研单位与企业之间架起了“金桥”,大大加快了许多“产品革新”的成果向企业的转移。但是,在那些必须与生产紧密结合、必须通过在生产实践中摸爬滚打才能激发与实现的“工程革新”方面,企业究竟能够像远离生产的科研单位“买”到多少成果,究竟能否靠一个“买”字解决问题 

据报道,由于受“经商热”等的影响,在许多重要企业,本来就少得可怜的企业科技人员还在“外流”。生产在呼唤技术人才,而技术人才却在离开生产,这种现象不能不令人担忧。总而言之, 

是企业发展的两个轮子,这两个轮子缺一不可,不保持平衡也不行。

企业发展的“两个轮子”指的是()

A.产品革新与工程革新

B.市场与科学技术

C.市场和生产

D.科技人才与管理

答案

参考答案:B

单项选择题
单项选择题 案例分析题

The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additives,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.

Which of the following statements is NOT ture?()

A.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons

B.Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals

C.Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over thirty-five years.

D.Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.