问题 解答题

如图是人的眼球结构模式图,请根据图分析回答下列问题:

(1)外界物体反射来的光线经过眼球各部分的结构折射到图中的[⑥]______上的感光细胞形成物像,然后通过视神经传递到______形成视觉.

(2)正常人的眼睛通过调节图中的[⑧]______的曲度以看清远近不同的物体,而患近视眼时则需要配戴______透镜加以矫正.

答案

眼球由眼球壁和内容物组成,眼球壁包括外膜、中膜和内膜,外膜前面由无色透明的①角膜和后面白色坚韧的③巩膜组成;中膜由④虹膜、⑤睫状肌和②脉络膜组成,前面是虹膜,虹膜不透光有黑色素,俗称黑眼球,白种人是蓝色的,俗称蓝眼睛;内膜是含有感光细胞的⑥视网膜,可以形成物像;内容物由房水、⑧晶状体、⑨玻璃体组成.晶状体似双凸透镜,对光线有折射作用,可以使远近不同的物体反射来的光线都能落在视网膜上.虹膜中央有瞳孔,瞳孔的大小可以调节,能够控制进入眼球内的光线.玻璃体是透明的胶状物,最大.

(1)视觉形成的过程是:外界物体反射来的光线,经过①角膜、房水,由瞳孔进入眼球内部,再经过⑧晶状体和⑨玻璃体的折射作用,在⑥视网膜上能形成清晰的物像,物象刺激了视网膜上的感光细胞,这些感光细胞产生的神经冲动,沿着视神经传到大脑皮层的视觉中枢,就形成视觉.

(2)看近处物体时,必须通过⑤睫状肌的收缩作用,使晶状体的凸度增加,使近处的物体像能够落在视网膜上,才能看的清楚.

如果长时间的近距离作业,如读书、写字、看电视、玩游戏机等,使眼睛长时间的调节紧张,头部前倾,眼球内不断的充血,眼内压相应的增高,以及眼外肌的紧张和压迫眼球,或者因调节时牵引涡状静脉,妨碍了血液的流通,使巩膜的抵抗力减弱,导致晶状体过度变凸,不能恢复成原状;严重时使眼球的前后径过长,使远处物体反射来的光线形成的物像,落在视网膜的前方,因此不能看清远处的物体.形成近视.需要佩戴凹透镜进行矫正.

故答案为:

(1)视网膜视觉中枢(或大脑一定区域)

(2)[⑧]晶状体凹

单项选择题
单项选择题

Electronic mail has become an extremely important and popular means of communication.
The convenience and efficiency of electronic mail are threatened by the extremely rapid growth in the volume of unsolicited commercial electronic mail. Unsolicited commercial electronic mail is currently estimated to account for over half of all electronic mail traffic, up from an estimated 7 percent in 2001, and the volume continues to rise. Most of these messages are fraudulent or deceptive in one or more respects.
The receipt of unsolicited commercial electronic mail may result in costs to recipients who cannot refuse to accept such mail and who incur costs for the storage of such mail, or for the time spent accessing, reviewing, and discarding such mail, or for both. The receipt of a large number of unwanted messages also decreases the convenience of electronic mail and creates a risk that wanted electronic mail messages, both commercial and noncommercial, will be lost, overlooked, or discarded amidst the larger volume of unwanted messages, thus reducing the reliability and usefulness of electronic mail to the recipient. Some commercial electronic mail contains material that many recipients may consider vulgar or pornographic in nature.
The growth in unsolicited commercial electronic mail imposes significant monetary costs on providers of Internet access services, businesses, and educational and nonprofit institutions that carry and receive such mail, as there is a finite volume of mail that such providers, businesses, and institutions can handle without further investment in infrastructure. Many senders of unsolicited commercial electronic mail purposefully disguise the source of such mail.
Many senders of unsolicited commercial electronic mail purposefully include misleading information in the messages’ subject lines in order to induce the recipients to view the messages. While some senders of commercial electronic mail messages provide simple and reliable ways for recipients to reject (or ’opt-out’ of) receipt of commercial electronic mail from such senders in the future, other senders provide no such ’opt-out’ mechanism, or refuse to honor the requests of recipients not to receive electronic mail from such senders in the future, or both.
Many senders of bulk unsolicited commercial electronic mail use computer programs to gather large numbers of electronic mail addresses on an automated basis from Internet websites or online services where users must post their addresses in order to make full use of the website or service.
The problems associated with the rapid growth and abuse of unsolicited commercial electronic mail cannot be solved by the government alone. The development and adoption of technological approaches and the pursuit of cooperative efforts with other countries will be necessary as well.

According to the passage, efficiency of e-mail is threatened by ______.

A.heavy e-mail traffic

B.fraudulent e-mail messages

C.large volume of messages

D.increasing amount of unwanted e-mail