问题 综合题

阅读下列材料:

材料一城市化一般是指人口向城市地区集聚和乡村地区转变为城市地区的过程。城市化是社会发展的必然结果,是社会进步的表现。一个国家和地区城市的水平,体现其社会经济发展水平。

材料二欧美城市化进程日呈强劲时,……中国洋务派从鸦片战争中以朦胧的非系统的形态,萌动着对域外文明的新知,洋务运动……,在一定程度上推进了文教近代化。如1862年创立的北京同文馆为近代外语学之始。1865年在上海创办的机器学堂、1866年在福州创办船政学堂、1855年在天津成立的武备学堂、1907年在武昌创办的湖北省幼稚园,均开各有关教育之先河。

洋务派是域外城市文明的感知者,也是国内城市化的启动者。近代中国社会的结构性变化之一,就是城市化的初步启动……。

请回答:

(1)据材料一说明城市化趋势出现的根本原因是什么?

(2)据材料二并结合所学知识说说洋务运动通过哪些形式开启了中国文教近代化?并指出其意义。

(3)简述19世纪60、70年代中国经济、阶级结构的变化,并说说这些变化给中国社会造成的影响。

答案

(1)根本原因:工业革命把劳动力从农村引向城市,开始了城市化进程或答生产力水平的提高。

(2)形式:创办新式学堂;派遣留学生。

意义:培养了大批翻译、科技和军事人才;冲击了中国封建传统的教育制度;沟通了中西文化交流;加快中国社会变革的步伐。

(3)变化:

经济:外国资本主义经济侵略加剧,中国日益卷入世界市场;洋务运动开始创办民用企业;民族资本主义经济产生,使中国的经济结构变化。

阶级:使中国的阶级结构发生变化,民族资产阶级产生;无产阶级人数增多;出现了早期维新派,其在思想领域里提出了资产阶级的政治、经济等要求。(关于阶级变化答出民族资产阶级产生即可)

影响:推动了经济近代化、政治近代化,推动了资产阶级民主运动向前发展(或答为中国资产阶级民主运动的发展奠定了物质基础和阶级基础)

(1)生产力的发展水平影响城市的发展。

(2)依据材料二可知开启文教近代化的形式是创办新式学潮和派遣留学生出国深造;其影响可从培养人才、冲击旧的教育制度、加强中西文化交流、加快中国发展等角度分析。

(3)经济变化可从外国侵略的加剧、洋务企业的创办、民族资本主义经济的产生入手概括;阶级结构变化可从资产阶级产生、无产阶级力量壮大等方面作答;分析影响时可从经济基础和阶级基础等角度分析。

填空题

Part 3


Questions 19-25


·Read the following article and answer questions 19-25.
·For questions 19-25, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.

The Haunted America


Countries are like little homes; they house a nation, hold ideologies and provide shelter and comfort to its people in hopes that the occupants will nurture better ideas for themselves and further flourish humanity. Such are primary desires and goals of most countries on this small planet.
America is no exception. For decades, billions of people around the world slept at night on empty stomachs amidst dreadful circumstances, often dreaming of the freedoms and liberties of America, which they likened to a great land, a paradise and a final destination point.
The best and brightest of the world gravitated to the great USA in search of golden opportunities; in hordes they came, and en masse they settled. America became the nation which acknowledged greatness and provided the driving force to allow the dreams of small, ordinary people to take form and flourish. Free from restrictions, allowing grand expressions with extraordinary liberties, that no other nation in the history of mankind has been able to match at such a grand scale.
But currently, it seems that this home of the American nation has started to resemble that old mansion, elegantly pristine (质朴的) but known to be haunted, sitting at the end of that dead-end street where ghosts, mysterious apparitions (幽灵) and unexplainable signs have emerged. This planet, like an old street, is already full of such haunted houses, which at times seem abandoned, lifeless and unable to give or receive neighborly warmth; factors so critical for any country on the global scene.
Can this badly damaged image of America be fixed today and by whom and at what cost What must it include—a new costume, a new mask or a new heart These are very important underlying questions, but the biggest question remains—can an entire country be branded to the rest of the world in the same fashion as a breakfast cereal or laundry detergent
The answer is a flat no. Only the branding-circus would come up with such a fake, superficial, logo-centric-slogan-happy attempt to rebuild a nation painted with banners and billboards. In reality, countries cannot be branded in such a simple process from the past; firstly, nations are already branded over decades and centuries by their histories and cultural interactions and exportable identities.
A global image is not in the hands of a polling company or controlled by a branding agency. Rather, they take form in the minds of the global masses, who paint their own mental picture based on their own interpretation of a nation. Therefore, it demands an awesome force, as the global public will not be swayed by ad-campaigns, rather by the exuberance (茂盛) of sincere and honest truth and internal fixing leading to an inviting charm. After all, this is how the image of America was built in the first place.
As a rule, if it has cost trillions to get where America is on global public opinion today, then it is easily understandable why it would cost a similar amount to fix the damages. Nations can only hope to improve their domestic issues first, before reflecting out to the world and preaching to the rest of the neighborhood.
In commercial terms, American brands have lost their luster at an alarming rate during the last five years, and are now in serious danger of being over-powered by brand new identities arising from all over the newly repositioned world. This super-accelerated nouveau-consumerism has all the making of this global shift increasingly permanent on brand image leadership, a position that the USA once proudly held. The future is clearly drawn out for new countries currently engaged in trying out this global-image-creation-wizardry with full tbrce while the early signs indicate a major world-wide mega branding and global-image-repositioning shift.
How can this great nation housed in America immediately nurture harmony within, balance the out-of-touch extreme ideologies among republicans and democrats, and educate its youth that is currently the lowest among G-8 and slipping into the level of developing countries It must have a nation that deeply engages in voting and really takes care of its own people. Most importantly, it needs real guts and must once again re-learn to face the truth and move forward in the good, old-fashioned American style.

In the newly repositioned commercial world, the USA ______.
A. proudly holds a leading position B. has created brand new identities
C has lost its leading position D. has reshaped its brands

名词解释