问题 问答题

阅读下列有关认识和实践关系的一组材料: 材料1 观念有三类:天赋的,外来的、虚构的。这是按照不同来源而做出的区分,虚构的观念是思想自己制造出来的,天赋的和外来的观念都是由思想以外的原因所造成的。 因此上述观念可合并为两种:思想自己制造出来的和由外部原因造成的。思想自己制造出来的观念不是真实的,而在外部原因所造成的观念中,有一些是真实的,有一些不是真实的。前者指上帝造成的观念,后者指可感事物造成的观念。摘自《西方哲学简史》材料2 心灵是一块白板,上面没有记号。只是通过经验的途径,心灵才有了观念。因此,经验是观念的唯一来源。经验分为感觉和反省两类:感觉是观念的内在来源,它是通过外物的刺激而产生观念的过程;反省是观念的内在来源,心灵不但消极的接受外物的刺激,它本身就是内部感官,有对刺激进行反作用的主动性。心灵通过感觉而对取得的观念进行反思,从而得到新观念;它还会对自身的活动进行反思得到另外一些观念,这些观念多与感情有关。感觉和反省不是相互独立的活动,它们可以共同起作用,因此,有些观念同时有两个来源。摘自《西方哲学简史》材料3 “人的思维最本质和最切近的基础,正是人所引起的自然界的变化,而不是单独的自然界本身;人的智力是按照人如何学会改变自然界而发展的。”“认识是思维对客体的永远的、无止境的接近。自然界在人的思想中的反映,要理解为不是‘僵死的’,不是‘抽象的’,不是没有运动的,不是没有矛盾的。而是处在运动的永恒过程中,处在矛盾的发生和解决的永恒过程中。”摘自《马克斯恩格斯选集》第3卷材料4 恩格斯说:“资产阶级为了发展它的工业生产,需要有探索自然物体的物理特征和自然力的活动方式的科学”“近代工业不仅提供了大量可供观察的材料,而且自身也提供了和以往完全不同的实验手段,并使新的工具的制造成为可能” 摘自《马克思恩格斯选集》第3卷 请回答问题: (1)材料1认为观念是从哪里来的如何理解“有些观念同时有两个来源”材料1和材料 2所反映观点有什么区别 (2)如何理解“人的思维最本质和最切近的基础,正是人所引起的自然界的变化,而不是单独的自然界本身”说明材料3在认识论上的基本观点。 (3)根据材料3和材料4说明实践和认识的辩证关系。

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解析:[答案要点] (1)材料1认为,观念是天赋的、外来的、虚构的,否认了观念是物质世界在人头脑中的反映,属于唯心主义的观点。材料2认为观念的来源是经验,他认为认识的来源在于经验,在于有外物的刺激,但是来源有感觉和反省两种,就是说观念的来源既有客观事物引起的,也有心灵通过自己的活动得到的。材料1和材料2的区别在于:二者在认识来源的问题上观点不同,材料1认为是天赋观念,是唯心主义认识论。材料2否认认识的来源是天赋观念,但是却认为认识来源有感觉和心灵自发两种,是认识问题上的二元论。 (2)“人的思维最本质和最切近的基础,正是人所引起的自然界的变化,而不是单独的自然界本身”,这就是说,人的认识是人对客观世界的反映,但这种反映是在人类改变自然界的实践中形成的,单独的自然界并不能在人的头脑中形成认识。材料3承认了实践对认识的决定作用。 (3)当资产阶级工业发展需要科学时,就推动了科学的发展,体现了实践是认识的动力。近代工业提供了观察材料,丰富了人们的认识,这表明实践为认识提供物质条件。要检验和判定某种认识是否符合实际,需要一个客观可靠的标准,这个标准也只能是实践,这体现了实践是检验真理的唯一标准。总之,认识来源于实践,实践决定认识,实践为认识提供手段和物质条件,实践是认识的动力,实践的需要推动认识的发展,实践是检验认识真理性的唯一标准。

填空题

When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He (1) severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm (2) balance, people would stare. I would inwardly be afraid (3) squirm at the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let (4) .
It was difficult to coordinate (5) steps - his halting, mine impatient - and because of that, we didn’t say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, "You (6) the pace. I will try to adjust to you. "
Our usual walk was to or (7) the subway, which was how he got to (8) . He went to work sick, and (9) nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would (10) it to the office even if (11) could not: a matter of pride!
He never talked about himself as an object of pity, (12) did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a "good heart", and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him.
Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard (13) which to judge people, even though I still don’t know precisely (14) a "good heart" is. But I know the times I don’t have one myself.
He has (15) gone many years now, but I think (16) him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our (17) . If he did, I am (18) I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am (19) of another’s good fortune, when I don’t have a "good heart".
At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my (20) , and say, "You set the pace, I will try to adjust to you.\

填空题