问题 问答题 简答题

与法律相比,伦理有哪些特征?

答案

参考答案:

伦理与法律及效益的关系各是怎样?伦理是指人与人相处的各种道德准则。而法律是指一整套前后一致的,公开的、披广泛接受的、带有强制性的昔遍规则,这些规则规定人们应该或不应该如何行动。而为了了解伦理的特性,需要对伦理与法律进行比较。

⑴非强制性,伦理靠社会舆论、传统习惯和内心信念起作用,体现了自觉性和内在性。

⑵非官方性伦理是约定俗成的,不像法律那样需要通过行政命令或法定程序来制定或修改。个人的伦理评判也无须官方的批准。

⑶普适性,除了少数不具备行为意识的人(如精神病患者和婴幼儿),所有人都要受伦理的指导、调节和约束。

⑷扬善性,伦理既指出什么是恶的、不应该的,也指出什么是善的、应该的。它不仅对不符合伦理的行为予以批评、谴责,也对符合伦理的行为,尤其是高尚的行为,予以褒奖、鼓励。

伦理与法律不仅有前述的区别,也有一定的联系。伦理与法律在内容上相互渗透。伦理是不成文的法律,法律是最低程度的伦理。伦理规范往往是法律制定、修改、废止的依据。许多法律起初只是伦理规范,后来随着问题严重性和公众呼声的提高,这些伦理规范升格为法律。

伦理与法律在作用上相互补充。伦理可以引导人们遵守法律,而法律可以作为维护伦理的威慑力量。伦理可以用来防范尚未发生的违法行为,而法律可以用来制止已经发生的违法行为。正是在这个意义上,我们才说,伦理、法律是调节和规范非经济组组的行为的三个必不可少的手段。

企业的伦理经营不仅使除所有者之外的利益相关者(如债权人、员工、顾客、供应者、竞争对手、社区和政府等)的利益得到不同程度的增进,而且使企业自身的效益得到提高。

⑴企业的伦理经营意味着企业注重维护利益相关者的利益,从而需要采取行动并付出一定的成本;

⑵伦理与效益的关系在某种程度上得到了实证研究的支持。尽管在伦理与效益的度量上存在一些困难,但大多数研究表明,在企业的伦理经营与长期效益之间有某种程度的正的相关关系。

⑶周祖诚对美国、日本、中国已被历史证明的、长期成功的优秀企业或企业家所做的个案研究表明,效益与伦理具有兼得的可能性。

⑷厉以宁对效率与道德的关系有如下的看法,“效率实际上有两个基础,一个是物质技术基础,一个是道德基础。只具备效率的物质基础,只能产生常规效率。有了效率的道德基础,就能产生超常规的效率。”这说明,效率与道德可以而且应当结合在一起。

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Pass Your Love On
    Waiting for the airplane to take off,I was happy to get a seat by myself. Just then, an air hostess
approached me and asked," Would you mind    1    your seat?A couple would like to sit together."The
only   2   seat was next to a girl with her arms in casts (石膏绷带), a black-and-blue face,and a sad
expression."    3    am I going to sit there,"I thought immediately. But asoft voice spoke,"She needs help.
"Finally, I   4   to move to that seat.
    The girl was named Kathy. She    5    in a car accident and now was on her way for     6    .
    When the snack and juice arrived,it did not take me long to   7    that Kathy would not be able to   8    
herself.Iconsidered   9    to feed her but hesitated,as it seemed too   10  to offer a service to a   11  . But
then I realized that Kathy's need was more   12   than my discomfort.I offered to help her eat,and    13    
she was uncomfortable to accept, she   14     as I expected. We became closer and closer in a short
period of time. By the end of the five-hour trip,my heart    15    , and the   16   was really better spent than
if I had just sat by myself.
     I was very glad I had reached    17    my comfort zone to sit next to Kathy and feed her. Love   18  
 flows beyond human borders and removes the fears that keep us   19   .When we  20  to serve another,
we grow to live in a larger and more rewarding world.
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