问题 问答题

简述三山实验。

答案

参考答案:三山实验是皮亚杰设计的用以表明前运算思维的基本特征是自我中心性,即从自我的角度去解释世界。
实验过程中有一个包含三座山的模型,三座山以不同的颜色来区别,一座山上有间房屋,另一座山顶上有一个红的十字架,第三座山上覆盖着白雪。让儿童坐在桌子的一边,桌上放着这个模型。实验者把一个娃娃放在桌子周围的不同位置,问被试,“娃娃看到了什么”幼儿很难回答。在第二个实验中,向儿童出示从不同角度拍摄的“三座山”的照片,让儿童挑出娃娃多看到的那张照片。第三个实验则给儿童三张硬纸板,要儿童按娃娃所见把三座山排好。实验结果发现8岁以下儿童一般不能成功完成任务。大多数6岁以下儿童选择的照片或搭建的模型,与他们个人的观察角度一致,而不是娃娃的。
据此,皮亚杰认为幼儿在对事物进行判断时是以自我为中心的,不能采纳别人的观点。也有一些研究者通过改进实验,提出当场景是儿童熟悉的,问题也容易让儿童理解时,幼儿是能够考虑到别人的观点的。

单项选择题
单项选择题

The General Electric Company, often criticized for the complexity of its structure and the resulting opacity of its numbers, said yesterday that it would break GE Capital, by far its largest business, into four businesses. The reorganization effectively eliminates the job of Denis J. Nayden, 48, the chairman of GE Capital. Each of the new units will have its own chief, who Will report directly to Jeffrey R. Immelt, G. E.’s chairman. "The reason for doing this is simple. I want more direct contact with the financial services teams," Mr. Immelt said.
The new businesses are GE Commercial Finance, GE Insurance, SE Consumer Finance and GE Equipment Management. Some support functions within GE Capital, including risk management and treasury, will now report to Dennis Dammerman, 57, a G. E. vice chairman who preceded Mr. Nayden as GE Capital’s chlef. Mr, Nayden will remain at G. E. as an adviser for now, but is expected to leave shortly to start a financial services firm.
Mr. Dammerman insisted that the reorganization had nothing to do with the increasing clamor from investors, regulators and the news media for greater transparency in accounting and for chief executives to take more responsibility for businesses: Analysts seem to believe him. "This is just what it appears to be, a managerial, reorganization which gives leaders more direct access to the office of the chairman," said Martin A. Sankey, a G. E. analyst.
The executives leading the new units will also sit on G.. E. ’s corporate executive council, a committee made up of the company’s top 25 executives, which meets periodically and discusses various strategic and management issues.
GE Capital, the company’s largest nit, provided $55 billion of G. E. ’s $124 billion in revenue last year and $ 5.6 billion of its $19.7 billion in pretax profits. The rest of G. E. had been divided into 11 other businesses, many of them--lighting and appliances are examples-much smaller than the new GE Capital units, yet each run by someone who reports directly to the chairman. Mr. Dammermn said that Mr. Immelt began talking about breaking GE Capital into more manageable pieces as soon as he took over as chief executive last September. "Jeff didn’t like the extra layer between him and the GE Capital businesses,"
G. E. has tried to make GE Capital less mysterious to ’the outside world. Although GE Capital was officially one unit, it had begun to report quarterly results in live product-related segments--a number that will be reduced to four with the new organization. And analysts say GE Capital’s management has been more accessible than it was in past years, and that Mr. Immelt and other G. E. corporate executives have been willing to discuss GE Capital in more depth.

The reorganization will enable GE’s chief executive to ______.

A.quiet down the unrest in the world

B.work in a more friendly business environment

C.have more direct contact with GE’s financial services teams

D.appear less mysterious to the outside world