问题 单项选择题

醋酸氯己定水溶液和栓剂所表现的是()。

A.同一药物,剂型不同,其起效的快慢、作用强度和持续时间不同

B.同一药物,制成同一剂型,由于制备工艺不同而表现不同

C.同一药物,制成同一剂型,由于处方组成不同而表现不同

D.同一药物,剂型不同,其副作用、毒性不同

E.同一药物,剂型不同,药物的作用不同

答案

参考答案:E

解析:本组题考查要点是“剂型与疗效”。剂型与疗效表现为:①同一药物,剂型不同,其起效的快慢、作用强度和持续时间不同:氨茶碱为支气管扩张药,它可以制成几种不同的剂型,如注射剂、片剂、栓剂、长效剂等,它们的药理作用是相同的,但注射剂是速效的,适宜于哮喘发作时应用;片剂的作用时间是中等的,便于生产。②同一药物,剂型不同,药物的作用不同:有少数药物由于应用的剂型不同,其药理作用完全不同。例如酒石酸锑钾制成注射剂用于治疗血吸虫病,但少量口服却作为祛痰药;醋酸氯己定的水溶液或醇溶液为外用杀菌剂,但制成栓剂用于治疗 * * 炎或宫颈糜烂有较好的治疗效果。③同一药物,剂型不同,其副作用、毒性不同:吲哚美辛开始用于临床时为片剂,其1日剂量为200~300mg,消炎镇痛作用虽然好,但发现较大的副作用,如头痛、失眠、呕吐、耳鸣、胃出血等,其副作用与服用剂量成正比。主要由于片剂在保存中逐渐硬化而影响崩解度,所以吸收量很低,生物利用差,而且剂量加大则副作用就更大。如制成胶囊剂给药,每日剂量为75mg,就能得到较好的治疗效果,副作用也比较少。如制成栓剂给药,就可避免药物直接作用于胃肠黏膜引起的一系列胃肠反应,特别是对于长期使用者用药更为安全。栓剂给药后的最高血药浓度虽只有口服的75%,但达到最高血药浓度的时间比口服快,临床证明疗效没有差别。④同一药物,同一剂型,不同厂家生产,由于处方组成及制备工艺不同,同一药物的同一剂型作用快慢、强度甚至疗效及副作用都有可能不同。如1968~1969年澳大利亚用苯妥英钠治疗癫痫患者时,曾发生广泛的苯妥英钠中毒,后查明其原因是在生产胶囊时用乳糖替代了原处方中的硫酸钙作为稀释剂,从而增加了苯妥英钠的吸收,提高了血药浓度,因而在服用相同剂量时引起中毒。有人测定7种地高辛片,都符合规定的崩解时限,但由于粒径、处方、工艺等变化,溶出速率有很大的差异。

阅读理解

The structure and workings of the university are ever changing. The university of the past is not like the university of the present and the university of the present will not be like the university of the future. This “adaptation” to the times is what can make some universities great or make some universities among the worst in the nation.

In the past the university was very set in their ways. They did things the way they wanted them done. They paid no attention to the rest of the society and the way the ones paying the bills wanted them done. In the past the professors would lecture endlessly to the students, which often left the students bored and with no idea what was really said to them in the lecture. This is no way to try and teach students; students need interaction with the professors that are paid to teach them. As Paulo Freire believed there needs to be communication between the students and the professors and the class should not be totally memorization. This is the way that things were done in the past.

In the present many universities have either changed or are changing the way that they run their universities. The universities now are taking on many of the modern educational beliefs in order to make changes in the teaching methods. Universities are breaking down many of the divides between majors that they offer. By breaking these barriers the universities are becoming less specialized and more diverse. This goes along with the ideas of Berry who believes that the schools are over-specialized and that the universities are now just machines that are merely meant to produce workers. In the past few years the colleges have been lowering the standards of admission, which in turn lowers the standards of all the schools below the college level. The universities are now on the right track by increasing the standards of admission into their colleges.

小题1:In the author’s view, what can decide a university’s quality?

A.What its structure is like.

B.How its workings are run.

C.What times it belongs to.

D.Whether it’ll adjust itself.小题2:Which of the following is NOT a feature of universities in the past?

A.They were run in a fixed way.

B.They ignored the needs of society.

C.They had lower standards of admission.

D.Professors lacked interaction with students.小题3:What is the author’s main attitude towards universities in the present?

A.Positive.

B.Doubtful.

C.Passive.

D.Uncertain.小题4:What would the author most probably focus on in the following part of this passage?

A.Universities in the future.

B.The standards of schools.

C.The admission into some colleges.

D.Other changes of teaching methods.

单项选择题