问题 单项选择题

LISP是早发展起来主要用于人工智能的()程序设计语言。

A.命令式

B.面向对象

C.函数式

D.逻辑型

答案

参考答案:C

解析:

根据对程序设计方法的支持,一般将程序设计语言大致分为命令式程序设计语言、面向对象程序设计语言、函数式程序设计语言和逻辑型程序设计语言等范型。

函数式程序设计的主要任务在于构造函数以求解所提出的问题,因此,函数是构造程序的基本成分,并提供一些设施用于构造更为复杂的函数。函数定义和调用的理论基础是λ-演算。

LISP函数的定义是表达式,程序、子程序都是用前缀形式书写的表达式,每个操作符都是一个有返回值的函数,因此,LISP程序的基本成分是表达式。另外,LISP被设计为面向一般用途的表处理应用,其中提供了大量的原语处理列表的创建、析构和修改,也可以认为它是一个基于表处理的函数式程序设计语言。

LISP在1960年左右诞生在MIT(麻省理工学院),是由J.McCarthy领导的小组建立的LISP-1语言。1977年J.Backus的ACM Turing演讲受到计算机界的广泛关注,被称为函数式程序设计语言发展史上的里程碑。

单项选择题
单项选择题

(D)

Diana Jacobs thought her family had a workable plan to pay for college for her 21-year-old twin sons: a combination of savings, income, scholarships, and a modest amount of borrowing. Then her husband lost his job, and the plan fell apart.

"I have two kids in college, and I want to say ’come home,’ but at the same time I want to provide them with a good education," says Jacobs.

The Jacobs family did work out a solution: They asked and received more aid form the schools, and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan (贷款) program. They will each graduate with $20,000 of debt, but at least they will be able to finish school.

With unemployment rising, financial aid administrators expect to hear more families like the Jacobs. More students are applying for aid, and more families expect to need student loans. College administrators are concerned that they will not have enough aid money to go around.

At the same time, tuition(学费)continues to rise. A report from the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education found that college tuition and fees increased 439% from 1982 to 2007, while average family income rose just 147%. Student borrowing has more than doubled in the last decade.

"If we go on this way for another 25years, we won’t have an affordable system of higher education," says Patrick M. Callan, president of the center. "The middle class families have been financing it through debt. They will send kids to college whatever it takes, even if that means a huge amount of debt."

Financial aid administrators have been having a hard time as many companies decide that student loans are not profitable enough and have stopped making them. The good news, however, is that federal loans account for about three quarters of student borrowing, and the government says that money will flow uninterrupted.

According to the last paragraph, the government will ().

A. provide most students will scholarships

B. dismiss some financial aid administrators

C. stop the companies from making student loans

D. go on providing financial support for college students