问题 单项选择题

其结果以单位健康效果增加所需成本值表示的方法是()。

A.最小成本分析

B.成本-效果分析

C.成本-效用分析

D.回顾性研究

E.成本-效益分析

答案

参考答案:B

解析:本组题考查要点是“药物经济学评价方法”。①最小成本分析,用于两种或多种药物治疗方案的选择,虽然只对成本进行量化分析但也需要考虑效果,这是最小成本分析与成本分析的区别,因为成本分析仅关注投入成本。最小成本分析可以为总体医疗费用的控制和医疗资源优化配置提供基本信息。②成本-效益分析,将药物治疗的成本与所产生的效益归化为以货币为单位的数字,用以评估药物治疗方案的经济性。③成本-效果分析:与成本-效益分析的差异在于,药物治疗的效果不以货币为单位表示,而是用其他量化的方法表达治疗目的,如延长患者生命时间等。④成本-效用分析:是更细化的成本效果分析,效用指标是指患者对某种药物治疗后所带来的健康状况的偏好(即主观满意程度),主要为质量调整生命年(QALY)或质量调整预期寿命两种,分别是生命年数或预期生命年数乘以这段时间内的健康效用值(权重值)。也即它不仅关注药物治疗的直接效果,同时关注药物治疗对患者生活质量所产生的间接影响,着重于析医疗成本与患者生活质量提升的关系。

阅读理解

The porter(行李搬运工) brings your bags to your room and helpfully explains all you want to know.Then he points to the phone and says:“If there’s anything else you need, just call.”All this time you have been thinking of one thing:“How much should I tip(付小费)him?” To make your next trip a little easier, here’s guide to tipping across some Asian countries.

Bangkok(曼谷)

In general, the more westernized the place is, the more likely you will be expected to leave a tip.Some top-end restaurants will add a 10% service charge to the bill.If not, waiters will appreciate your tacking on(附加)the 10% yourself.However, if you’re eating at a lower-end restaurant, a tip is not necessary.If you’re staying at one of Bangkok’s many five-star hotels, expect to tip the porter 20 to 50 baht(泰国货币单位),depending on how many bags you have.Taxis are now metered in Bangkok.Local custom is to round up(凑整数)the fare to the nearest five baht.

Hong Kong

Tipping is customary in this money-mad metropolis(大都市).Most restaurants add a 10% service charge to the bill, but the extra money often ends up in the pocket of the owner. If the service is good, add another 10% to the bill, up to HKMYMl00 in an especially nice restaurant.For HK MYM10 hotel porters should do it at all but the nicest hotels where a new HKMYM20 bill may be more acceptable.When in a taxi, round up to the nearest dollar.

Kuala Lumpur(吉隆坡)

Tipping in Malaysia is limited to the expensive westernized hotels, which often add a 10% service charge to your meal or hotel room.If you are at a hotel restaurant, expect a 10% service charge.

But at local restaurants, there’s no need to add a tip. At five-star hotels, one or two ringgit(马来西亚货币单位)will satisfy a porter. At lower-end buildings don’t feel you have to tip Like Bangkok, many taxis are now metered so you can just round up to the nearest ringgit.

Seoul

Tipping is not part of Korean culture, although it has become a matter of course in international hotels where a 10% service charge is often added.If you’re at a Korean barbecue joint(烧烤处), there’s no need to add anything extra.But a nice Italian restaurant may require a 10% contribution.

If you’re at a top-end hotel, so expect to pay 500~l,000 won per bag.Taxi drivers don’t accept a tip.Keep the change for yourself.

小题1:Which of the following is NOT the unit of money?.

A.Charge

B.Baht

C.Won

D.Ringgit小题2:In which of the following cities is it unnecessary to tip the taxi-drivers?

A.Bangkok

B.Hongkong

C.Kuala Lumpur

D.Seoul小题3:If you stay at a five-star hotel in Kuala Lumpur, how much will you pay the porter at least?

A.10% of service charge

B.Three ringgit

C.Half a ringgit

D.One ringgit小题4:The writer seems           

A.to tell the readers how to travel

B.to give the readers some advice on how to tip

C.to ask the readers to go on a travel to Asian cities

D.to make the trip more pleasant

单项选择题