问题 单项选择题

患者,女,36岁,慢性肾炎病史15年。因发热、咽痛1周,鼻出血1天入院。
查体:血压150/95mmHg,全身轻度水肿,肾区无叩痛。Hb58g/L,尿蛋白(+),大便潜血试验(+),血肌酐850μmol/L。

患者贫血的主要原因是

A.EPO生成减少

B.铁的摄取减少

C.红细胞寿命缩短

D.叶酸缺乏

答案

参考答案:A

解析:①按肾功能的损害程度,将慢性肾衰竭分4期:肾功能贮备下降期、氮质血症期、肾衰竭期和尿毒症期。各期特点如下,从下表可知,本例患者血肌酐850μmol/L,属于尿毒症期。②慢性肾衰竭患者常有不同程度的贫血,为正细胞性贫血,其原因为:由肾脏产生的红细胞生成素减少(最主要原因)、铁摄入过少、透析失血、频繁抽血化验、肾衰时红细胞生存时间缩短、叶酸缺乏、体内缺蛋白质、尿毒症对骨髓的抑制等。

 分期  肾小球滤过率(GFR)  血肌酐(μmol/L)  临床表现
 肾贮备能力下降期  约正常的50%~80%  正常  正常
 氨质血症期  约正常的25%~50%  正常<血肌酐<450  无。可有轻度贫血、夜尿增多
 肾衰竭期  约正常的10%~25%  450~707  贫血、夜尿增多、胃肠道症状
 尿毒症期  <正常的10%  >707  临床表现及生化值显著异常

填空题
单项选择题

Recently, I flew to Las Vegas to attend a meeting. As we were about to arrive, the pilot announced with apology that there would be a slight (16) before setting down. High desert winds had (17) the airport to close all but one runway. He said that we would be (18) the city for a few minutes waiting to (19) . We were also told to remain in our seats meanwhile with our seat belts fastened (20) there might be a few bumps(颠簸). Well, that few minutes turned into about four-five minutes, including a ride that would make a roller coaster(过山车) (21) by comparison. The movement was so fierce that several passengers felt (22) and had to use airsickness bags. As you might guess, that’ s not a good thing to have happen in a(n) (23) space because it only (24) to increase the discomfort of the situation.

About twenty minutes into the adventure, the entire airplane became very (25) There was now a sense of anxiety and fear that could be (26) noticed. Every passenger simply held on for dear life …except one. A (27) was having a good time! With each bump of the (28) , he would let out a giggle (咯咯地笑)of delight. As I observed this, I (29) that he didn’t know he was supposed to be afraid and worried about his (30) . He neither thought about the past nor about the future. Those are what we gown--ups have learned from (31) . He was (32) the ride because he had not yet been taught to fear it. Having understood this, I took a deep breath and (33) back into my seat, pretending I was (34) on a roller coaster. I smiled for the rest of the flight. I even (35) to giggle once or twice, much to the chagrin(随恼) of the man sitting next to me holding the airsickness bag.

34()

A.health 

B.safety 

C.joy 

D.future