问题 问答题 简答题

试述西方近代自由主义思想的发展演变。

答案

参考答案:

1)在西方近代政治思想史上,“自由主义”是指19世纪时期在欧美各国广泛流行的一种资产阶级政治思想,其思想核心是以理性为原则的个人主义和个人自由。

2)早在文艺复兴以后,随着资本主义经济的产生、发展和资本主义经济实力的增强,“自由”便同“平等”“博爱”一起作为反对封建束缚的政治口号,被许多思想家提了出来,并逐渐形成了较为完整的自由观。到17-18世纪的资产阶级革命时代,作为资产阶级反抗封建专制和封建神学的思想武器的自由主义思想形成了较为系统的理论。斯宾诺莎是自由主义的早期阐述者洛克是自由主义的真正确立者,卢梭、孟德斯鸠是洛克自由主义原则的继承者和发展者潘恩和杰弗逊则把自由主义原则作为 * * 之一,以法的形式固定下来。

3)到19世纪40年代,资本主义制度在欧美一些主要国家中得到确立,资产阶级的统治地位也日益得到巩固和加强。随着产业革命在英国等一些主要国家内的完成,社会生产力得到了迅速发展,资本主义经济突飞猛进,社会政治关系也发生了深刻的变革。表现在,一方面由于资本主义经济的发展,工业资产阶级的壮大,国家经济力量的重心转移到工业资产阶级手中,另一方面,就是近代工业无产阶级的产生和壮大,他们在同资产阶级的斗争中逐渐形成为一支独立的社会政治力量。资产阶级同无产阶级的矛盾上升为资本主义国家的主要矛盾。由此,资产阶级需要的不再是那些空洞抽象的思想原则,而转为对现实的阶级统治进行辩护。他们抛弃了资产阶级革命时期学说中的批判的、革命的精神,把追求个人利益的功利原则作为人类一切活动的动力和目的,社会和国家产生、发展的原因。他们标榜个人自由,并把它定位在自由经营、自由贸易、自由竟争和个性的自由发展。同时他们认为,社会利益是虚幻的,只有个人利益才是真实的,才是人类历史进步和发展的根本动力。这个时期的自由主义思想大致经历了由孔斯坦区分古代自由和近代自由,即政治自由和个人自由;边沁的功利主义行为原则;密尔从个人与社会关系的角度对自由的界定三阶段。

4)19世纪末期以来,随着社会历史条件的变化,自由主义进入了一个新的历史阶段—现代自由主义,它同保守主义政治思想相辅相成,共同维护着西方资本主义国家体系。

单项选择题 A3/A4型题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     After successfully serving their term for 4 years, military service men and women are given the choice to

stay in the military of return to civilian life.

     For some, having to readjust to civilian life is one of the mist challenging assignments our returning soldiers

and marines will ever to undertake. While people may think readjusting should be simple, they must take into

consideration of all physical and mental stress our servicemen went through.

     Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,or PTSD, is a mental disorder that can occur following the experience or

witnessing of life-threatening events such as military battles.

     Most survivors of trauma return to normal given a little time. In the military, the marines are given a

two-week course on how to return to civilian life.

     Unfortunately, some will have stress reactions that do not go away on their own, or may even get worse

over time. These individual may develop PTSD.

     People who suffer from PTSD have difficulty sleeping because they are often reliving the experience

through nightmares and flashbacks, and feel deserted or often stand off, and these symptoms can be severe

enough an last long enough to significantly damage the person's daily life.

     Fullerton College, like most colleges, has its own Veteran's (老兵) Office. Ray Bustos has been running the

office for 3 years. Bustos acts as a contact for the school and the veteran students. He makes sure the veterans

returning to school get the right benefits. There are various types of financial aid for soldiers and marines. He

strongly encourages the use of the Veteran Affairs website.

     The website is very informative and extremely helpful for veterans as well as for friends and relatives of

veterans who want to learn more.

1. One purpose of the writer in writing the passage is _______.

A. to introduce some methods to cure PTSD

B. to instruct PTSD patients to return to civilian life

C. to recommend a website to veterans and people concerned

D. to give military service men and women advice on civilian life

2. What problems will some returning soldiers and marines meet with?

A. How to readjust to civilian life.

B. How to get rid of mental diseases

C. How to get along with PTSD patients

D. How to return to school for benefits.

3. Which of the following is true about Ray Bustos?

A. He's a veteran who has just come back from a military combat.

B. He runs Fullerton College with a veteran office.

C. He's in charge of an office dealing with veteran affairs.

D. He provides a lot of financial aid for soldiers and marines.

4. The best title for the passage is ________.

A. PTSD: Killer of A Civilian Life.

B. Ready for a Civilian Life?

C. How to Overcome PTSD.

D. The Last Assignment For All Military Persons.