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影响19世纪英国自由主义思想的社会因素有哪些?

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参考答案:

第一、社会历史状况:18世纪60年代起英国首先发生了工业革命。到19世纪30-40年代英国的工业革命基本完成,工业革命带来了英国在经济、社会、政治等各方面深刻的变化。

首先,工业革命促进了英国经济的飞速发展。成为当时世界工业的中心。

其次,改变了英国的经济和人口分布。最后是把工业资产阶级和工业无产阶级推上了历史舞台使阶级关系和阶级斗争的形势发生了重大变化。政治制度是一种适应于"工业生活方式"的"社会政体".他在社会政体的名义下,建立了等级制度和独裁统治.

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     A friend of mine, in response to a conversation we were having about the injustices of life, asked me

the question, "Who said life was going to be fair, or that it was even meant to be fair?" Her question was

a good one. It reminded me of something I  was taught as a youngster:life isn't fair.It's a disappointment,

but it's absolutely true. One of the mistakes many of us make is that we feel sorry for ourselves, or for

others, thinking that life should be fair, or that someday it will be. It's not and it won't be.

     One of the nice things about surrendering (屈从) to the fact that life isn't fair is that it keeps us from

feeling sorry for ourselves by encouraging us to do the very best we can with what we have.We know

it's not "life's job" to make everything perfect:it's our own challenge. Surrendering to this fact also keeps

us from feeling sorry for others because we are reminded that everyone is dealt a different hand;

everyone has unique strengths and problems in the process of growing up, facing the reality and making

decisions; and everyone has those times that they feel unfairly treated.

     The fact that life isn't fair doesn't mean we shouldn't do everything in our power to improve our own

lives or the world as a whole. To the contrary, it suggests that we should. When we don't recognize or

admit that life isn't fair, we tend to feel pity for others and for ourselves. Pity, of course, is a selfdefeating

emotion that does nothing for anyone, except to make everyone feel worse than they already do. When

we do recognize that life isn't fair, however, we feel compassion (热情) for others and for ourselves.

And compassion is a heartfelt emotion that delivers lovingkindness to everyone it touches. The next time

you find yourself thinking about the injustices of the world, try reminding yourself of this very basic fact.

You may be surprised that it can make you out of selfpity and into helpful action.

1. The writer thought of his friend's question as a good one because ________.

A. he also wanted to know who held such an opinion

B. it made him recall something during his childhood

C. like his friend, he also thought life was unfair

D. he learned something from the question as a youngster

2. The second paragraph of the passage mainly tells us that ________.

A. it's nice to accept the injustice of life

B. it's nice to surrender to life

C. we should not feel sorry for everything

D. we should not surrender to life

3. From the passage, we can learn that the author's attitude to life is ________.

A. negative  

B. positive  

C. selfpity  

D. indifferent

4. Which of the following could be the best title of the text?

A. A Helpful Action: Try to Feel Compassion

B. A Good Question: Why Life Isn't Fair

C. Do Our Best to Improve Ourselves

D. Surrender to the Fact That Life Isn't Fair