问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成小题。

父亲的家国

鲍鹏山

2004年暑假,我回老家看望父亲。父亲骨瘦如柴,双目视力几乎完全丧失,两耳的听力也微乎其微。在精力好的时候,他给我们说起他年轻时候的孤危和艰难。鲍姓在当地是小姓,我的祖父没有兄弟,单门独户又忠厚朴拙,我父亲也只有弟兄二人,叔叔老实可欺。我父亲的娘舅那边倒是人丁兴旺,却又人缘极差,乡誉极低,不仅不是可资利用的人际资源,反而要时时注意撇清干系,从而也无从依靠。说着说着,父亲就给我们背了一首诗:

人情相见不如初,多少英雄守困途。

锦上添花到处有,雪中送炭世间无。

时来易借金千两,运去难赊酒半壶。

识破人情全是假,还须自己着功夫。

背完此诗,父亲还顺带跟我们说起他的一位朋友。说起我父亲的这位“朋友”,我们倒都认识,是镇上人。那时的镇上人,吃商品粮的,和我们相比,几乎是两重天。在我的记忆中,他们好像没有什么来往,也从来没有见过他们有什么杯酒之欢。到了后来,竞至于不来往了。原来,有一年,我父亲的这位朋友病了,父亲要去看望,可是家里实在太穷,什么也拿不出来,踌躇多日,只好硬着头皮,几乎空手去了。心想,朋友一定会理解。但没想到,朋友一见父亲几乎空着手,当时就拉下了脸。我父亲觉得大受伤害,也对“朋友”等等,心灰意冷。

父亲一生性情刚烈慷慨,仗义重谊,这次,他给我们背这首诗,带着满腹伤感,几乎唏嘘。我心里极感震动,那种人生的寒凉,一下子就包围了我。我问父亲,这是谁的诗?父亲说,他也不知道,是他年轻时,到一户人家,人家的中堂上,就写着这首诗,因为说中心中隐痛,触动心中感慨,一下子就记住了。

过了几日,我和大哥坐在父亲病床边,父亲和我们聊,那天他的情绪很好,他说有一首诗,是邵康节先生的,很好,就又背给我们听:

每日清晨一炷香,谢天谢地谢三光。

惟求处处田禾熟,但愿人人寿命长。

国有忠臣扶社稷,家无逆子恼爷娘。

四方平定干戈息,我纵贫时也不妨。

我父亲少时读私塾,读《语》《盂》,读《千家诗》,几年的私塾教育,使他终生都像一个读书人,有着读书人的情怀气质,常常民胞物与,感怀万端;有着读书人的思维方式,时时礼义廉耻,仁义道德;还有着天下家国的眼光,总是忠臣孝子,修身齐家。我后来到了城市,在城市里见到不少我父亲个辈分的人,他们大多认识字,能读报,还有各自的技术或专业,见识也广,但是却毫无父亲的那种读书人的气质。这促使我思考什么才是真正的教育,什么才是真正的文化,什么才是真正的素质。

但是啊,深受私塾熏陶的父亲后来却终生在农村,做一个地道的农民,身边几乎没有一个人能理解他的情怀和感慨。他是何等的孤独啊。这种孤独,是那样的深,却又那样的长一一长到他自己的一生

他后来砸锅卖铁,也要让我们念书,在没有高考的时代,在社会禁锢阶层流动的时代,这样的读书完全没有什么目的。他大概是太寂寞了吧,希望通过自己的培养,让我们能听懂他的心声?

我在父亲给我背的两首诗中,感受到了他对这个世界的失望和伤感,也感受到了他对家国的真诚祈祷。

不久,我的父亲就去世了。在那样偏僻的乡下,在那样一个完全无人注意的角落,我的农民父亲,对人生有着那样苍凉的感受,还有着那样深重的对家国的关怀。这令人难以置信,这是一个文化的奇迹,也是一个人的奇迹

父亲曾经对我有很多的期望,但是,他最后对我的交代,就仅仅是希望我花钱不要太大手大脚,“你负担重啊。”这是他对我说的最后的话。

我知道我不能让父亲对我完全满意。但我会一直秉持良心写作和教书,因为,我生活在父亲的家国,我会像我父亲一样,为天下家国祈祷。

(摘自《经典美文》)

小题1:理解文中画线句子的含意。(4分)

(1)这种孤独,是那样的深,却又那样的长——长到他自己的一生。

(2)这是一个文化的奇迹,也是一个人的奇迹。

小题2:“父亲”是一个怎样的人?请结合全文简要概括。(6分)

小题3:文中两次引述“父亲”背诵的诗歌,请结合文章内容分析其作用。(6分)

小题4:“父亲”对“我”说的最后的话:“你负担重啊。”请结合全文,谈谈你对“父亲”这句话的理解。(8分)

答案

小题1:

(1)父亲空有天下家国情怀,却不被周围人理解,(1分)这种孤独和感伤伴随着历经沧桑的父亲,他那寂寞、失望的一生是多么漫长。(1分)

(2)父亲生活在偏僻的乡村、无人注意的角落,却拥有对人生的苍凉感受和对国家深厚的关怀。(1分)这种天下意识是一种令人赞叹的文化现象,拥有这种感慨和情怀的父亲是一个值得赞叹的人物。(1分)

小题2:①父亲是一个农民,却有着读书人情怀和气质。②对人情冷暖、世态炎凉有着深刻感受和认识。③刚烈慷慨,仗义重谊。④具有深厚的家国情怀、天下意识。(每条2分,答任意三点得满分;答“孤独,苍凉,胸怀宽广、深沉”可酌情给分)

小题3:从内容的角度看:引述两首诗,丰富了文章的思想性和文化底蕴,使文章充满了人文性。(2分)从表现人物的角度看:第一首诗,表现父亲对人情世故、朋友交往的深切体悟,对世态炎凉的深沉的感慨,对世界的失望和伤感,突出其人生的苍凉;(2分)第二首诗,表现父亲的天下意识,家国情怀,突出其思想的深沉——二者形成对比,表现了平凡、孤危、艰难的父亲,却有着宽广、仁爱、忠义的胸怀,创造了文化的奇迹。(2分)

小题4:

答案要点:

这句话表达了父亲临终时对我的期望以及对家国的忧心。(2分)

经济负担重,希望我花钱不要大手大脚。(2分)

做人负担重,希望我要不断砥砺自己的品格和修养(2分)

家国负担重,期待我要有家国的担当。(2分)

小题1:

题目分析:这是一道揣摩语意题,此类题目一般要抓住句中的关键词语,然后结合上下文的语境,运用“同义互解”的方法,组织出答案。

小题2:

题目分析:分析人物形象的性格特征,需要学生从文中人物的言行入手,分析言行后的性格特征和心理因素。

小题3:

题目分析:回答这个问题,需要从结构和内容两个方面入手。内容方面,交待背景和渲染氛围。结构方面,为下文作铺垫。。

小题4:

题目分析:此类题目的答题思路一般是观点加分析。要结合对文章的理解,做到言之成理,有理有据。

阅读理解

C

Cancun is a seaside town in Mexico, where most tourists come here to enjoy the beach, water sports and night life. In fact, it is so modern and Americanized that you might think you were in southern California or Florida.

But just a short two-hour hike from the town lie the ruins of the city of Chichen-Itza, one of the capitals of the lost Maya(玛雅)civilization. The center of the ruins of this city is the pyramid of El Castillo. The ancient Mayan religious people climbed this pyramid during festival to honor the Sun god. Tourists today climb it to view the architectural achievements of Chichen-Itza and to prove their fearlessness of heights and steep (陡峭的)climbs. There is a sign in Spanish, admonishing visitors “It’s dangerous to go up.” I gladly ignored it and started my climb.

The climbing was tough. The steps were higher than one might normally take., but the climb was not fearful at all. From the top of the pyramid, I had a wonderful view of the ruins of this Mayan city. What was most striking to me was that just beyond the ruins of splendid structures, gardens, temples and what looks like a modern sports stadium, you could only see forests for miles and miles. It was almost as if some race had mysteriously come out of nowhere, built it up and then suddenly disappeared from the planet, leaving only stones in its space.

The only remains on the top of the pyramid were the Temple of Kukulcan. During the festivals to worship the Sun god, only the high ranks would have the right to enter this temple.

After shooting a few pictures, I realized it was time to go down. Only then did I discover that what people fear about the climb is not the trip going up, but the way going down. I saw a few brave souls who were walking down as if they were in their own house. Looking down at the steepness of the pyramid, I desperately feared this great height. My first desire was to joke with a few people, “Where is the elevator(电梯)?” I figured that a civilization that was this advanced would have had the foresight(预见) to construct an elevator. Lacking such modern equipment, I had to use the chain provided by the Mexican tourist authorities and climb down on all fours.

My climb was complete eventually. I quickly got on the bus back to my comfortable hotel. Leaving the ruined city, I was still wondering what possibly happened long ago. But a few hours later, I was back in the modern world drinking cocktails on the beach, bathing in the sunshine before boarding the plane and waiting for my trip back home to the US, where all the modern things such as elevators are available!

57. Why did the writer pay a visit to the ruined city of Chichen-Itza?

A. He wanted to climb the pyramid of EL Castillo and know about the Mayan civilization.

B. He would got to the Temple of Kukulcan to attend a religious festival to honor the Sun god.

C. He thought the city of Chichen-Itza was quite different from the modern town of Cancun.

D. He was attracted by the ruined ancient buildings there and wanted to take some photos.

58. The underlined word “admonishing” in Paragraph 2 probably means “___________”.

A. urging          B. forcing          C. warning         D. frightening

59. Which of the following best shows climbing the pyramid of EL Castillo is a difficult task?

A. The steps are very high and it is much more scaring to climb to the top.

B. The climbing calls for courage and patience, and also takes a long time.

C. When tourist climb up to the top, there is no elevator to take them down.

D. The pyramid is high and steep, and climbing down is much more fearful.

60. From the last paragraph, we can infer that the writer ______________.

A. had a bad impression of the visit and decided to leave as soon as possible.

B. thought modernization could offer people comforts and conveniences.

C. got tired of the modern life and tried a different one in his own way.

D. enjoyed himself in the climb though it was very tiring and dangerous.

单项选择题