问题 问答题

Whilst at work Andy always parked his car in a car park operated by Bash Ltd. On the entry to the car park just in front of the payment machine there is a large sign in fl uorescent red paint which states:‘These premises are not staffed by our employees and may be dangerous. Clients use these facilities strictly at their own risk and Bash Ltd accept no liability whatsoever for any damage or injury sustained by either those using this facility or their vehicles or property, no matter how caused.’Andy was aware of the sign, but had never paid much attention to it. However, one day he returned to his car to find that it had been badly damaged by a towing vehicle driven by an employee of Bash Ltd. Whilst on his way to the car park offi ce to complain he was hit by the same towing vehicle, which was clearly being driven dangerously by one of Bash Ltd’s employees. As a result, not only was his car severely damaged, but he suffered a broken leg and was off work for eight weeks.Bash Ltd has accepted that its employee was negligent on both counts but denies any liability, relying on the exclusion clause.Required:On the understanding that the clause excluding Bash Ltd’s liability was incorporated into its contract with Andy, advise Andy whether there is any action he can take against Bash Ltd. (10 marks)

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【材料一】亚当·斯密在《国富论》中认为:“这种管制(国家和君主干预经济生活)几乎毫无例外地必定是无用的或有害的。”国家只起“守夜人”的作用。它的职能是:“第一,保护社会,使不受其他独立社会的侵犯。第二,尽可能保护社会上各个人,使不受社会上任何其他人的侵害或压迫,这就是说,要设立严正的司法机关。第三,建设并维持某些公共事业及某些公共设施。”

【材料二】西方近代最早提出“和谐社会”概念的是19世纪初法国的空想社会主义者傅立叶。他在1803年写的《全世界和谐》一书中指出,现存资本主义制度是不合理不公正的,将被新的“和谐制度”所代替。空想社会主义者圣西门认为资本主义社会“是个是非颠倒的世界”,并在临终时说“一切社会设施的目的都应该是从道德上、智力上和体力上改善人数最多的和最贫穷的阶级的状况。”英国的欧文把对和谐社会的追求付诸行动,他到美洲进行“和谐制度”的实验,试图建立一种人与自然、工作和生活真正和谐的社会。他把自己的实验称作“新和谐公社”,并在一次演讲中说“我来到这个国家是为了介绍一个崭新的社会,把愚昧而自私的社会制度改变为一种开朗的社会制度,这一种制度将逐渐把一切利益结合起来,并消除引起个人之间一切纷争的原因。我已买下了这片产业,并且亲自来到这里实行这种办法。”但是“新和谐公社”并不是与世隔绝的。它处在整个资本主义的重重包围之中,最后还是以失败告终。

——引自《世界近代史教学参考资料》上册

【材料三】19世纪三四十年代以来的现代西方哲学,“和谐”思想若隐若现。法国哲学家奥古斯都·孔德明确提出人类社会发展的最高阶段是以“和谐”、“秩序”和“进步”为特征的社会。实证主义代表斯宾塞认为,社会如同生物一样,是一个有机体,“社会有机体如同单个的有机体一样,机能的均衡引起了结构的均衡。”杜威明确地说:“只要我们能够纠正行动的动力,并且力图使斗争变为和谐,使千篇一律的生活变为丰富多彩的图画,使有限的东西变为扩大的东西,这就够了。正在改进就是进步,而且是人们所能设想和达到的唯一的进步。”

——引自《世界近代史教学参考资料》上册

材料一中,亚当·斯密的构建和谐社会的核心思想是什么?他认为国家只起“守夜人”的作用,根据材料,指出“守夜人”的主要职能。(不得摘抄原句)