问题 问答题 简答题

简述穆勒的自由观。

答案

参考答案:

人类之所以有理有权可以个别地或者集体地对其中任何份子的行动自由进行干涉,唯一的目的只是自我防卫。若说为了那人自己的好处,不论是物质上的或是精神上的好处,那不成为理由。任何人的行为,只有在涉及他人的那部分才须对社会负责。在仅涉及本人的那部分,他的独立性在权利上则是绝对的。对于本人自己,对于他自己的身和心,个人乃是最高主权者。"

它所保护的"人类自由的适当领域"包括:第一,意识的内心境地,即良心自由、思想自由、发表意见的自由等。第二,追求个人志趣和趣味的自由。第三,个人之间互相联合的自由。穆勒认为,"任何一个社会,若是上述自由整个来说不受尊重,那就不算自由,不论其政府形式怎样。""唯一名副其实的自由,乃是按照我们自己的道路去追求我们的好处的自由,只要我们不试图剥夺他人的这种自由,不试图阻碍他们取得这种自由的努力,"这是因为,"每个人是其自身健康的适当监护者,不论是身体健康,或者是智力的健康,或者是精神的健康。若彼此容忍各照自己所认为的样子去生活,所获是要较多的。"显然在这里穆勒立论依据是"诉诸功利"的。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and human feeling. (1) of information have nothing to do with it. A merely well-informed man is the most useless (2) on God’s earth. What we should (3) at producing is men who (4) both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start (5) , and their culture will lead them as (6) as philosophy and as high as (7) We have to remember that the valuable (8) development is self-development, and that it (9) takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve.

In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must (10) of what I will call "inert ideas"—— that is to say, ideas that are merely (11) into the mind without being (12) , or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations.

In the history of education, the most (13) phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a craze for genius, in a (14) generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine. The reason is that they are overlade with inert ideas. Except at (15) intervals of intellectual motivation, education in the past has been radically (16) with inert ideas. That is the reason why (17) clever women, who have seen much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been saved from this horrible (18) of inert ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has ever stirred humanity (19) greatness has been a (20) protest against inert ideas.

20()

A.violent

B.passionate

C.exempt

D.idealistic