问题 问答题 简答题

霍布斯关于社会契约的思想有哪些主要内容?

答案

参考答案:

每个人都放弃自己全部的权力并把它交给一个人或由一些人组成的会议,使他(们)担当起他们的人格,并且承认他在公共和平与安全领域所作的一切都是大家同意的。契约的宗旨是保护和平与安全。这样国家就产生了。被授予权力的人或会议是主权者,其他的一切人都是主权者的臣民。霍布斯契约论的特点:第一,人们在订立契约时交出的是他们全部的权力和权利,自己一个不保留,但霍布斯又认为人们为保卫自己的生命而抵抗他人侵害的权利是不能转让的。第二,人们把转让出去的权利交给了主权者,主权者没有参加契约,不是契约的订立者,因而不受契约内容约束,主权者的权力是绝对的、至高无上的,只要是为了维护个人的生命和安全,主权者甚至可以剥夺某些人的生命。但主权者要受契约宗旨的限制。

阅读理解

阅读理解

      The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about.But one more has just been

added-a communications blackout caused by solar storms.

     After a period of calm within the Sun, scientists have detected the signs of a fresh cycle of sunspots

that could peak in 2012, just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London.

      Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions

of tons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms that could jam the

telecommunications satellites and Internet links sending live Olympic broadcast from London.

      "The Sun's activity has a strong influence on the Earth.The Olympics could be in the middle of the

next solar maximum which could affect the functions of communications satellites," said Professor

Richard Harrison, head of space physics at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire.

      At the peak of the cycle, violent outbursts called coronal mass ejections (日冕物质抛射) occur

in the Sun's atmosphere, throwing out great quantities of electricallycharged matter."A coronal mass

ejection can carry a billion tons of solar material into space at over a million    kilometers per hour.Such

events can expose astronauts to a deadly amount, can disable satellites, cause power failures on Earth

and disturb communications," Professor Harrison added.The risk is greatest during a solar maximum

when there is the greatest number of sunspots.

     Next week in America, NASA is scheduled to launch a satellite for monitoring solar activity called

the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which will take images of the Sun that are 10 times clearer

than the most advanced televisions available.

     The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory helped to make the hightech cameras that will capture images

of the solar flares (太阳耀斑) and explosions as they occur.

      Professor Richard Holdaway, the lab's director, said that the SDO should be able to provide early

warning of a solar flare or explosion big enough to affect satellite communications on Earth "If we have

advance warning, we'll be able to reduce the damage.What you don't want is things switching off for a

week with no idea of what's caused the problem," he said.

1. The phrase "communications blackout" in Paragraph 1 most probably refers to________during the

     2012 Olympics.

A. the extinguishing of the Olympic torch

B. the collapse of broadcasting systems

C. the transportation breakdown in London

D. the destruction of weather satellites

2. What can be inferred about the solar activity described in the passage?

A. The most fatal matter from the coronal falls onto Earth.

B. The solar storm peak occurs in the middle of each cycle.

C. It takes several seconds for the charged matter to reach Earth.

D. The number of sunspots declines after coronal mass ejections.

3. According to the passage, NASA will launch a satellite to________.

A. take images of the solar system

B. provide early warning of thunderstorms

C. keep track of solar activities

D. improve the communications on Earth

4. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Solar Storms: An Invisible Killer

B. Solar Storms: Earth Environment in Danger

C. Solar Storms: Threatening the Human Race

D. Solar Storms: Human Activities to Be Troubled

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