问题 阅读理解与欣赏

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怀念乡村春节

冰 客

①又是一年一度的春节了,因为搬了新家,这个春节我们是在市区过的。

②大年三十,各家各户亮出代表各家财富的鞭炮,尽情地燃放,鞭炮声一浪高过一浪,经久不息,而到了零点辞旧迎新之时,鞭炮声浪更是此起彼伏,你家放万响鞭炮,我家可能要放十万响,甚至数十万响;东家放三五分钟,西家能放十数分钟甚至半个小时,如果还不过瘾则要拿出那些烟花燃放,俨然一种贫富比拼的架式。仿佛那就是财富、身份,甚或地位的象征,那火药味十足的鞭炮声已经弥漫着比拼的气势。听着这些杀声四起的鞭炮声,我的心里顿然对新年感到乏味。这早已失去了传统意义新年的热闹气氛了,我不堪与他们比拼贫富贵贱,也丝毫没有比拼的念头,我就是我,一个来自乡下的平民,在城市平凡地生活着,不与人争。那硝烟弥漫的鞭炮声,使我不由得又回想起了那让我至今念念不忘的乡村春节。

③乡村春节是我永生都无法忘怀的记忆,虽然那时的乡村很穷,童年的我们总是日日盼望着春节的到来,这样好改变我们贫穷的味口,可以狼吞虎咽地饱食大鱼大肉。尽管我们这一代人经历的那个年代并不富有,但春节,大鱼大肉必不可少。就在团年的鞭炮声还没有响起,大人们还在忙年的时候,我们那一群活泼可爱的小伙伴们自然会三五成群地带着一些鞭炮,去寻找我们的欢乐。那时的鞭炮当然没有现在这么多的花样,顶多只是买上一两封小鞭炮,然后拆开一个一个地放,既经济实惠,又为我们的童年带来了无限的欢乐,只有那些父亲或母亲在外工作稍微有钱的人的子女们才会偶尔放一些冲天炮或是烟花,那才算是当时的“高档产品”,也会令众多的小伙伴艳羡。

④而团年时分,每家的鞭炮不过一封,长的万响,短的百响、千响,家境稍差的甚至连放鞭这一形式也省略了。在今天这个鞭炮声震天的新年气氛中,似乎少了年少时那种放鞭的欢乐。除夕夜里,村人们家家必要放鞭,毕竟难得一年啊!都期望通过这一欢乐的形式带来来年的好景象。

⑤除夕夜虽然没有月亮和星星,在乡村更没有路灯,但家家户户门前必要悬挂一盏门灯,哪怕在没有用上电的日子里,挂一盏点燃煤油的马灯,也要照亮乡村的年夜。那时,我们一群孩子们自然会怀揣一盒火柴、一封鞭炮,游走于年夜里,游走在各乡邻家中,寻找小伙伴,燃放鞭炮。春节大家相互串门拜年,这时无论小孩单独行走,还是有大人在场,厚道纯朴的各个农家必是一视同仁,端出令小伙伴们欢喜的苞谷花、红薯丁,让小孩们吃;大人们则每到一家,必要端上三五个凉菜,喝酒、聊天,畅谈一年的收成,欢声笑语荡漾山间。

⑥如今这乏味的城市年夜,人们除了在鞭炮声中展示自己的富有之外,防盗门一关,各自在家中海吃山喝,既不知道对面的人家姓甚名谁,也不知道楼上楼下的邻居来自何方,更别说串门了。

⑦虽然城市这种过年的方式已沿袭已久,谁也无法改变,但我这个过惯了那种朴实的乡村春节的乡下子民,已是极其厌烦了,没过正月初二,我就携妻带子,再回到属于我的乡村,去寻找和体味乡村那种让我永生难忘的春节。

(选自《散文选刊》2011年第四期,有删改)

小题1:谈谈文章第二节在文中的作用。(4分)

                                                                    

小题2:赏析画线句子的表达特色。(4分)

                                                                   

小题3:本文写到了哪些方面的对比?请结合全文,简要分析对比的好处。(6分)

                                                                    

小题4:请结合文本,探究其中的深刻意蕴和作者的情感取向。(6分)

                                                                    

答案

小题1:内容上:不惜笔墨写城里春节燃放鞭炮的情形,渲染城里人的“比拼”。(2分)结构上:引出下文,为下文写乡村春节的情景作铺垫;构成对比,突出对乡村春节的怀念赞赏之情;(2分)

小题2:场面描写,白描手法;(2分)写了乡村春节的欢乐场面,表现乡村淳朴的民风;(1分)生动形象有画面感,朴实自然有乡土气息。(1分)

小题3:对比:① “我”与城里人对燃放鞭炮的态度对比;② “我”不比拼的生活态度与城里人比拼的生活态度对比;③城里与乡下燃放鞭炮情形的对比;④城里人冷漠的人际关系与乡下邻里相亲的关系、淳朴民风的对比;⑤“我”对城里乏味的春节与对乡村春节热闹的春节不同态度的对比;(对比4分,只要写出4点,每点1分)

好处:通过对比,多方面表现城里与乡村春节的不同,突出我对乡村春节的怀念与对乡村邻里相亲、淳朴民风的赞赏之情。(2分)

小题4:深刻意蕴:通过对城里和乡村春节氛围的不同描述,寻找一种失落的纯朴的和谐的传统节日文化。(2分)

情感取向:①对城里人春节放鞭炮的描写,表现了对城里人春节单一枯燥生活的厌倦;1分②对城市沿袭已久过年方式的描写,表现了对城里冷漠的人际关系的鄙弃;1分③对童年时期乡村春节情景的回忆,表现了对久违的欢乐春节的向往;1分④对童年时期乡村春节人们交往的描写,表现了对乡邻相亲、淳朴民风的赞赏。1分

小题1:题目分析:本题是作用类的题目,对此要先分清是作用类的哪种类型。本题是属于句段作用类的题目,应从内容与结构这两方面来考虑。内容上,概括第二段的主要内容即可,结构上就是这段内容与文章相关内容的关系:为乡村春节的描写作铺垫,与乡村的春节形成对比。

小题2:题目分析:对于表达特色的解答,要从选材、角度、艺术手法、修辞等方面综合考虑。画线的句子,写的是一个场景,是场面描写;所写主要是面,也就是勾勒出欢乐的场面,用的是白描的手法。手法的判断有些难,但如果抓住描写的方法可能要容易一些。

小题3:题目分析:题目中的“哪些方面”可知文中对比的地方不下于三处。解答好本题的关键是找好对比点,不能盲目、草率作答。比如答“我”与城里人燃放鞭炮对比、我不比拼与城里人比拼对比等就不行,没有找准好对比点,不够具体。应是“我”与城里人燃放鞭炮态度的对比、“我”不比拼的生活态度与城里人比拼的生活态度形成对比等。

小题4:题目分析:本题要求探究其中的深刻意蕴和作者的情感取向,需要就全文进行认真的梳理,以各段的具体内容为基础,去探究文章中的作者情感取向。如文章一开始不惜笔墨写城里春节燃放鞭炮的情形,渲染城里人的“比拼”。作者对此的情感取向,可抓住段落中的关键词语来把握,如本段中的“听着这些杀声四起的鞭炮声,我的心里顿然对新年感到乏味。”所以,对城里人春节燃放鞭炮描写,表现作者对城里春节的“乏味”。以此类推,逐段梳理,就可以找出答案了。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Under pressure from animal welfare groups, two national science teachers associations have adopted guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals. The National Association of Biology Teachers and the National Science Teachers Association hope to end animal abuse in elementary and secondary schools and, in turn, discourage students from mishandling animals in home experiments and science fair projects.

Animal welfare groups are apparently most concerned with high school students experimenting with animals in extracurricular projects. Barbara Orlans, President of the Scientists’ Center for Animal Welfare, said that students have been performing surgery at random, testing known poisonous substances, and running other pathology experiments on animals without even knowing normal physiology.At one science fair, a student cut off the leg and tail of a lizard to demonstrate that only the tail can regenerate, she said. In another case, a student bound sparrows, starved them and observed their behavior.

"The amount of abuse has been quite horrifying," Orlans said.Administrators of major science fairs are short-tempered over the teachers’ policy change and the impression it has created. "The teachers were sold a bill of goods by Barbara Ortans," said Thurman Grafton, who heads the rules committee for the International Science and Engineering Fair. "Backyard tabletop surgery is just nonsense. The new policies throw cold water on students’ inquisitiveness," he said.

Grafton said he wouldn’t deny that there hasn’t been animal abuse among projects at the international fair, but he added that judges reject contestants who have unnecessarily injured animals. The judges have a hard time monitoring local and regional fairs that may or may not choose to comply with the international fair’s rules that stress proper care of animals, Grafton said.

He said that several years ago, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search banned harmful experiments to animals when sponsors threatened to cancel their support after animal welfare groups lobbied for change.

The teachers adopted the new policies also to fend off proposed legislation--in states including Missouri and New York--that would restrict or prohibit experiments on animals.

Officials of the two teachers organizations say that they don’t know how many animals have been abused in the classroom. On the one hand, many biology teachers are not trained in the proper care of animals, said Wayne Moyer, executive director of the biology teachers’ association. On the other, the use of animals in experiments has dropped in recent years because of school budget cuts. The association may set up seminars to teach better animal care to its members. (414 words)

Notes: pathology 病理学。lizard 蜥蜴。tabletop 桌面。short-tempered 脾气急躁的。lobby for 游说支持。fend off 躲开。

It is suggested toward the end of the text that()

A. the seriousness of animal abuse in the classroom is unknown

B. training teachers in animal care may contribute to reducing animal abuse

C. fewer animals have been used in experiments in recent years

D. many biology teachers are not trained in proper care of animal