问题 材料题

  阅读下列材料,结合所学知识回答问题。

  材料一 就荷兰人而论,根据公司从国会收到的特许状的条款,公司享有从好望角到麦哲伦海峡之间的贸易垄断权。公司还被授予开战或讲和、夺取外国船、建立殖民地、修筑城堡和铸币的权力。公司在和土著统治者打交道以及成功地驱逐畏缩的葡萄牙人时,充分利用了这些权力……。

——摘自斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》

  材料二 1870年,约翰·D·洛克菲勒创建标准石油公司。1879年底,标准公司艺控制了90%的全美炼油业。到了1880年,全美生产的石油,95%都是有一个企业能如此完全彻底地独霸过市场。正是此时,洛克菲勒的律师多德提出了“托拉斯”这个垄断组织的概念。在多德的“托拉斯”理论指导下,洛克菲勒合并了40多家厂商,垄断了全国80%的炼油工业和90%的油管生意。1886年,标准石油公司又创建了天然气托拉斯。标准石油公司最后定名为美孚石油公司。托拉斯则迅速在全美各地、各行业蔓延开来,在很短的时间内,这种垄断组织形式就占了美国经济的90%。洛克菲勒成功就造就了美国历史上一个独特的时代——垄断时代。 

——摘自某网络文章

(1)根据材料一,分析荷兰东印度公司成立的原因和目的。

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(2)1600年,英国比荷兰早两年成立了同样名为东印度公司的独占贸易公司,垄断英国和亚洲的贸易。但到200年后,在1813年、1833年,英国政府先后取消了东印度公司与印度在中国的贸易独占权。结合所学知识分析英国政府这样做的原因。

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(3)根据材料二并结合所学知识分析荷兰东印度公司是不是垄断组织?

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答案

(1)原因:新航路开辟,欧洲人到达东方;文艺复兴、宗教改革的人文精神激发了欧洲资产阶级发财致富的欲望;西欧各国在海外殖民中竞争激烈;荷兰的资本主义经济较发达;政府支持。

  目的:掠夺殖民财富,争夺殖民霸权。

(2)原因:工业革命推动英国经济的发展;自由主义思想的影响;取消独占权以促进竞争,进一步开拓市场。

(3)不是。组织:东印度公司是一个单一经济而垄断组织是多个企业组成的同盟(集团);权力:东印度公司的独占贸易由政府的特许状确认而垄断组织的垄断由市场竞争形成;职能:东印度公司除经济职能外还具有政治、军事职能而垄断组织只有经济职能。

阅读理解

Good health is very important. Everyone should do all he can to stay healthy. Being in good health means having both body and mind in good order, free from illness and pain.

Good food, plenty of water, cleanness and plenty of rest all help in keeping our machines running as they should. Food does many things for our bodies. It gives what we need for keeping good health. It gives us energy for work and play. No food gives everything we need. We should eat foods of different kinds. Having enough to eat is not the same as having the right food.

The water we drink helps wash away wastes formed inside our bodies. It also puts back the water we lose when we perspire(流汗). Our bodies are actually more than half water. We must drink enough to replace what we lose.

We feel better and look better when we are clean. A bath every one or two days is a good rule for most of us. Brushing our teeth is important part of keeping clean.

Sleep is the best kind of rest. Growing children need more sleep than grown-ups. Children's bodies not only have to be repaired; they also have to grow, No one's body can grow bigger properly while he is working and playing and wearing it out (疲劳).

It has been useful to work for good health. Millions of years ago, people live only 20 years. Now people can live about 70 years. It has gone up 20 years just since the beginning of the present century.

小题1:You should have foods of different kinds because _________.

A.some foods are not good

B.no food can give everything you need

C.different foods taste different

D.different people like different foods小题2:We must drink enough water to replace what we lose. Here replace means   .

A.感觉

B.放置

C.减少

D.代替小题3:At the beginning of the present century people live about _________.

A.20 years.

B.70 years

C.40 years

D.50 years小题4:Which of the following is NOT true?

A.Grown-ups sleep less than children because they have a lot of work to do.

B.If one's mind does not work well, he is not considered to be healthy.

C.One cannot grow well when he works too hard.

D.About half of man's body is water.

单项选择题