问题 单项选择题

阅读短文。


自魏晋以来,在玄学思潮的推动下,开创了在文学创作中追求言外之意、弦外之音、象外之趣以及言有尽而意无穷的美学旨趣。中国古代诗歌理论对此有大量论述,这是众所周知的。由此,许多人认为,这是中国古典美学和诗歌理论独有的特征,因而不同于西方美学理论重视文学作品严密的逻辑性和理性的分析,不重视以有限的形式容纳无限的内涵。但事实并非如此。现代西方接受美学理论指出,一部文学作品中总是存在许多意义空缺部分。德国康士坦茨学派的伊瑟尔认为,作品本身是作家有意识活动的产物,只能部分地左右读者的理解和反应,其中总包含一些“空白”或“不明确的因素”。这一点在现代文学中尤其明显。伊瑟尔在《隐含的读者》一书中,从对英国古典作家班扬到现代作家贝克特的作品进行的历史考查中,发现这个世纪以来,西方文学作品总的趋势是“空白”和“不确定性”越来越多,因而要求读者在阅读过程中必须有主观因素的积极参与。西方现代接受美学也把追求空白和不确定性,作为衡量文学作品艺术水准高下的重要尺度。上述事实都说明,重视文学作品的言外之意、言不尽意和以少寓多,并不只是中国古典美学和诗学的特征,而可以说是人类审美的普遍现象。
这一人类经验的普遍特征,同人类语言的特点有着内在的联系。正是由于人类语言在表达意义和情感时普遍存在局限性,因此无论怎样详尽的语言描述也不可能把现象世界的全貌呈现于人们的面前,而必须以形象去调动人们的想象,来弥补自然语言在表意方面的不足,“穷理析义,须资象喻”。形象可以启示联想:“作者得于心,览者会以意,殆难指陈以言也”。作者把自己对生活的体验熔铸在形象里,欣赏者又通过形象唤起对同类情景的联想,来补充抽象、概括的词语所舍弃的细节、关系、情境。正如清代刘熙载指出的,“文所不能言之意,诗或能言之”,“山之精神写不出,以烟雾写之;春之精神写不出,以草树写之。故诗无气象,则精神亦无所寓矣”。诗的语言以塑造形象为己任,是富有启发性、暗示性的语言,启发读者通过自己的想象,去求得那象外、景外、韵外、味外的旨趣。“鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜”,“怪禽啼旷野,落日恐行人”。在这里,诗人完全是以塑造形象的手法来表现道路辛苦、羁愁旅思的。一个手势,一个流盼,一颦一笑,所包含的情意往往是语言不能曲折尽传的。“盈盈一水间,______”在这种“心头无限意,______”的形象里,彼此的情意都已心照不宣了,不需要更多的语言。
艺术的美感并不简单地等同于艺术形象所显现的,而且包括艺术形象在欣赏者心目中所引发的。艺术作品的形象必须与欣赏者的想象相结合,才能充分发挥其审美作用。现代接受美学要求文学创作有更多的“空白”、“不确定性”和“召唤性”,这是群体欣赏水平提高的表现,是现代意识的自觉,是人类审美意识的需要。

下列分析理解不符合文章实际的一项是( )。

A.从魏晋时期,文学创作追求言外之意,以少寓多的美学旨趣,表明从那时起,文学已步人建立自己独立品格和价值的时代

B.清代学者刘熙载认为,山峦、春景是无法直接描写的,只好通过描写烟岚云雾来表现山的精神,通过描写花草树木来表现春的景象

C.“鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜”,“怪禽啼旷野,落日恐行人”等诗句塑造了艺术形象,有言外之意,象外之趣,取得了言有尽而意无穷的美学效果

D.文章大量引用诗文名句,目的是帮助自己分析说理,阐明自己的观点;读者读后也能感到作者的确是持之有故、言之成理的

答案

参考答案:B

解析: B项是对刘熙载的理论误解。对山峦、春景不是无法直接描绘,而是为了留下“空白”和“不确定性”而不去直接描绘。故答案为B。

选择题
阅读理解

During communication, “words” express only 7% of meanings between people. About 23% of meanings are from the “tone of voice” and 70% of meanings come from “body language”. So next time you want someone’s attention—try body language instead.

Everyone does it, and most interestingly—most do it unconsciously. You may wonder: “Does that mean I have to study psychology to succeed in reading body language?” The answer is “no” because most people are already body language readers.

It’s a skill developed since we’re babies—think of how most babies can recognize facial expressions and get attention without saying anything. That is, you needn’t spend most of your time practicing some of your body language cues(暗示)!

However, you should know that the context(语境) is king. It suggests that, depending on the context of the situation, people will hide body language cues. So sometimes cues can be tricky: a woman who locks her arms may think you are boring—or she may just feel cold. You must learn to read into the context as well as the cues. Sometimes people care more about their body language cues. For example, poker(扑克牌戏) players will consciously hide more of their body language cues.

The first place to start when reading a person’s body language is the face. The easiest way to hide your feelings is to cover your face. This is why it’s sometimes hard to tell if an Islamic girl likes you.

If the eyes are the windows of the mind, the eyebrows(眉毛) are the windows of the eyes. So, notice how a person’s eyebrows will generally rise when they meet someone, see something they like or are surprised at. Eyes generally smile along with the mouth when someone is happy, so everyone knows “^ . ^”.

小题1:The first paragraph is mainly to show _____.

A.how to express your meanings clearly

B.how to draw other’s attention

C.the importance of body language

D.the role of words in communication小题2:Most of the time in our daily life, we ______.

A.find body language very interesting

B.don’t realize we’re using body language

C.hardly use any body language

D.use body language on purpose小题3:What does the saying “the context is king” suggest?

A.The context results from body language.

B.The context makes body language difficult.

C.The context helps when reading body language.

D.The context is more important than body language.小题4:Who will hide their body language cues on purpose according to the text?

A.Scientists

B.Farmers.

C.Teachers.

D.Poker players.