问题 判断题

连锁超级市场的分店经理掌握分店一级的采购权。()

答案

参考答案:对

单项选择题

萨维尼认为,法律同语言一样是“民族精神”最重要的表达形式之一。这种深奥的思想至少包含着这样的观点,即法律远不仅是规章准则或司法判例的累积,它反映并展示了整个文化概貌。民族或人民的精神囊括了全部民族史,同时也是社会群体通过追溯它本身生存的进程而获得的集体经验。任何时代记录下的民族或民众的法律只不过是一种始终在变化着的文化演化过程的静态表象。萨维尼还认为,如果不在它所赖以存在的社会历史领域中加以观察,那么,法律作为一种社会现象是难以理解的。

法律的发展经历了早期的不成文习惯的阶段,随后把习惯作为规则记录下来,现在我们所知道的最早的一批成文法典,如《汉谟拉比法典》就是对习惯规范进行或多或少的有系统地汇编。然而,正如通常所指出的那样,这种成文习惯法早已失去了习惯的特性,并可解释为“法则”。法降格为成文形式反映了政治势力的兴起,因而法律从基于起源于“偶然情形个人间的关系”的习惯性规范转变为“政治力量的一部分”。按照萨维尼的分析,从历史发展这个阶段开始,法的社会学特征显得更加疑难纷纭了。随着社会的发展,社会成员间的社会功能的划分变得愈加明确,阶级和亚群体的发展也更为显著。虽然在早期社会里,民族精神是一种社会现象,通过法律可以使民族精神得到合理性认可,并能寻求到一种自发的表达形式,但由于两种原因,导致民族精神逐渐衰弱。第一,功能和阶级的分化使人们的共同意识难以给法的自发创立提供强有力的激情;第二,直到法律置共同意识于脑后而仅讨论规则的细节和技术性问题,法律形式本身总在不断地复杂化。

按照萨维尼的观点,这种情形导致了两大重要制度的______:现代立法和现代法学。当法的______产生过程不再有效地行进,立法机构的设立就成为______的。立法的重要性首先在于要剔除法的演进中的疑点和不确定性;其次在于制定固定的习惯法——但不是以法典的形式,而是呆板的、确定的和综合性的原则来否定法的发展特性。然后,就像船舶拖动了铁锚,立法活动也不可避免地会偏离它们本身相应的功能,立法及其功能逐渐分离并彼此疏远。但无论如何,立法者应该是民族精神的“真正代表”,然而,与此同时,当法律进一步滑出它的社会生活中的基础且不再是大众知识的一部分时,有关法律的知识将被“受过专门法律知识训练的特殊阶层”所垄断,他们的工作就是理解和建立法律规则。由此,法律以“双重”的面目存在:法律的整个轮廓依然如故地存在于人们的共同意识之中,而具体细节则成为法学家们的禁地。

(节选自[英]罗杰·科特威尔《法律社会学导论》,潘大松等译,华夏出版社,1989)

在文中横线处依次填入词语,最恰当的一组是()。

A.发展;自觉;可选

B.发展;自发;必要

C.演变;自发;可选

D.演变;自觉;必要

阅读理解

任务型阅读。

      请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

注意:每个空格只填l个单词。请将答案写在横线上。

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