问题 单项选择题

人生的四种境界


张世英
按照人的自我发展历程、实现人生价值和精神自由的高低程度,人生境界可分为四个层次,即欲求境界、求知境界、道德境界和审美境界。
最低境界为“欲求境界”。人生之初,在这种境界中只知道满足个人生存所必需的最低欲望,故以“欲求”称之。当人有了自我意识以后,生活在越来越高级的境界时,此种最低境界仍潜存于人生之中。现实中,也许没有一个成人的精神境界会低级到唯有“食色”的欲求境界,而丝毫没有一点高级境界。以欲求境界占人生主导地位的人是境界低下而“趣味低级”的人。
第二种境界为“求知境界”。在这一境界,自我作为主体,有了进一步作为认知客体之物的规律和秩序的要求。有了知识,掌握了规律,人的精神自由程度、人生的意义和价值就大大提升了一步。所以,求知境界不仅从心理学和自我发展的时间进程来看是在欲求境界之后,而且从哲学与人生价值、自由之实现的角度来看,也显然比欲求境界高一个层次。
第三种境界为“道德境界”。他和求知境界的出现几乎是同时发生,也许稍后。就此而言,把道德境界列在求知境界之后,只具有相对的意义。但从现实人生意义与价值的角度和实现精神自由的角度而言,则道德境界之高于求知境界,是不待言的。发展到这一水平的“自我”具有了责任感和义务感,这也意味着他有了自我选择、自我决定的能力,把自己看作是命运的主人,而不是听凭命运摆布的小卒。但个人的道德意识也有一个由浅入深的发展过程:当独立的个体性自我尚未从所属群体的“我们”中显现出来之时,其道德意识从“我们”出发,推及“我们”之外的他人。
人生的最高精神境界是“审美境界”。这是因为此时审美意识超越了求知境界的认识关系,它把对象融入自我之中,而达到情景交融的意境;审美意识也超越了求知境界和道德境界中的实践关系。这样,审美境界既超越了认识的限制,也超越了功用、欲念和外在目的以及“应该”的限制,而成为超然于现实之外的自由境界。
在现实的人生中,这四种境界错综复杂地交织在一起。很难想象一个人只有其中一种境界而不掺杂其他境界,只不过现实的人,往往以某一种境界占主导地位,其他次之。于是我们才能在日常生活中区分出某人是低级境界、低级趣味的人,某人是高级境界、高级趣味的人,某人是以道德境界占主导地位的道德家,某人是以审美境界占主导地位的真正诗人、真正的艺术家……
——节选自2009年12月31日《光明日报》,有删改

关于“人生境界”的理解,符合原文意思的一项是______。

A.他存在于人的自我发展历程中,体现着实现人生价值和精神自由的高低程度
B.它由四个层次组成,从幼年到成年,人的每一个时期都要经历这四个层次
C.现实的人生中,它是一个整体,是由从低到高的四种境界错综复杂的交织在一起的
D.每个人的人生境界表现错综复杂,不同层次的人生境界分别主导着人生的不同阶段

答案

参考答案:A

解析: B项的人生境界是按照人的自我发展历程、实现人生价值和精神自由的高低程度划分的,不是以年龄段划分的,“从幼年到成年,人的每一个时期都要经历这四个层次”表述错误。C项的“是由四种境界错综复杂的交织在一起的”表述正确。“由低到高”表述错误,因为文中说“道德境界”和“求知境界”的出现几乎是同时发生,也许稍后。就此而言,把道德境界列在求知境界之后,只具有相对的意义”。D项的“不同层次的人生境界分别主导着人生的不同阶段”表述错误,因为“不同层次的人生境界”和“人生的不同阶段”没有必然联系。

选择题
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根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

                                                                           Muzak

     The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear? 1_____

It's similar to the music you listen to, but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially

designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing, but

you react to the music anyway.

     Quiet background music used to be called "elevator (电梯) music" because we often heard it in elevators.

But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name "Muzak". About one-third of the people

in America listen to "Muzak" everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between.

It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon,

when people are more tired. 2_____

     If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some

musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs

are chosen. Why? 3_____

     Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are

in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak doeswhat it is designed to do. Tired office workers

suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. 4_____

Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries. 

     5_____ They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in

public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some

farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!

A. Some people don't like Muzak.

B. The music gives them extra energy.

C. Music is playing in the background.

D. Factory workers produce 13 percent more.

E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.

F. They get as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.

G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.