问题 问答题 简答题

简述组织结构理论权变观的一般性结论。

答案

参考答案:

权变观有以下两类一般性结构:

一类是采用稳定一机械式组织,适用于下列情况:环境相对稳定和确定;目标明确和持久;技术相对统一而稳定;按常规活动且生产是主要目标;决策程序化,从而协调和控制过程倾向于采用严密结构式的等级系统。

另一类采用适应一有机式组织,适用于下列情况:环境相对不稳定和不确定;目标多样化且不断变化;技术复杂多变;非常规活动较多,且要求变革和创新;探索式决策过程,系统等级层次较少,灵活性较大。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Pango was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their

forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.

Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people

elsewher e who liked to eat frog's legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so

they wanted to buy frogs from other places.

     This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were  

no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children

were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over

the money.  For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn't last

long.

     The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More

worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately.

     The villagers decided that they couldn't just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak.  They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides (杀虫剂)and medicines. Soon there was

no money left. 

     Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn't been useless. They had

been doing an important job-eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing

more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.

     Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of

insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning.

1. From Paragraph 1 we learn that the villagers ________.

A. worked very hard for centuries                

B. dreamed of having a better life

C. were poor but somewhat content              

D. lived a different life from their forefathers

2. Why did the villagers agree to sell frogs?

A. The frogs were easy money.                

B. They needed money to buy visitors.

C. They wanted to please the visitors.            

D. The frogs made too much noise.

3. What might be the cause of the children's sickness?

A. The crops didn't do well.                    

B. There were too many insects.

C. The visitors brought in diseases.              

D. The pesticides were overused.

4. What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?

A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country.

B. Health is more important than money.

C. The harmony between man and nature is important.

D. Good old days will never be forgotten.    

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