问题 填空题

为了预防碘缺乏症,国家规定每千克食盐中应含40~50mg碘酸钾。碘酸钾晶体有较高的稳定性,但在酸性溶液中,碘酸钾是一种较强的氧化剂,能跟某些还原剂作用生成碘;在碱性溶液中,碘酸钾能被氯气、次氯酸等强氧化剂氧化为更高价的碘的含氧酸盐。

【问题1】工业生产碘酸钾的流程如下: 

(1)碘、氯酸钾和水混合后的反应为(未配平):I2+KClO3+H2O→KH(IO3)2+KCl+Cl2↑。该方程式配平时,系数有多组,原因是                    。

(2)X的化学式为          ;写出用试剂X调节pH的化学方程式:             

(3)生产中,如果省去“酸化”、“逐氯”、“结晶①、过滤”这三步操作,直接用试剂X调整反应后溶液的pH,对生产碘酸钾有什么具体影响?              。

【问题2】已知:KIO3+5KI+3H2SO4→3K2SO4+3I2+3H2O;  I2+2S2O32→2I+S4O62

(4)检验加碘食盐中的碘元素,学生甲利用碘酸钾与碘化钾在酸性条件下发生反应。用四氯化碳检验碘单质时,看到的明显现象有                         

(5)测定加碘食盐中碘的含量,学生乙设计的实验步骤如下:

a.准确称取w g食盐,加适量蒸馏水使其完全溶解;

b.用稀硫酸酸化所得溶液,加入过量KI溶液,使KIO3与KI反应完全;

c.以淀粉为指示剂,加入物质的量浓度为2.0×10-3mol·L-1的Na2S2O3溶液10.0mL恰好反应。

则加碘食盐样品中的碘元素含量是             mg/kg(以含w的代数式表示)。

(6)学生丙又对纯净的NaCl(不含KIO3)进行了下列实验:

操作步骤实验现象
取1g纯净的NaCl,加3mL水配成溶液。溶液无变化
滴入5滴淀粉溶液和1mL 0.1 mol·L-1 KI溶液,振荡。溶液无变化
然后再滴入1滴1mol·L-1的H2SO4,振荡。溶液变蓝色
 

①推测实验中产生蓝色现象的可能原因,用离子方程式表示         

②根据学生丙的实验结果,请对学生乙的实验结果作出简要评价:             

答案

(1)有两种还原产物生成。

(2)KOH;  KH(IO3)2+KOH=2KIO3+H2

(3)反应产生的氯气跟KOH反应生成KClO, KClO能将KIO3氧化成KIO4从而不能得到碘酸钾。

(4)液体分层,下层液体呈现紫红色。

(5)1270/3W或 (423.33/W)。

(6)①4I+4H++O2→2I2+2H2O;② 因加入了过量KI溶液,乙实验结果会偏大。

题目分析:

(1)碘、氯酸钾和水混合后的反应为(未配平):I2+KClO3+H2O→KH(IO3)2+KCl+Cl2↑。该反应是氧化还原反应,由于在氧化还原反应中电子转移数目相等,而有两种还原产物生成。它们相对量的多少不同,配平时的系数就不同。因此在该方程式配平时,系数有多组。

(2)晶体①为KH(IO3)2,把晶体从溶液中过滤出来,洗涤干净,然后用水溶解得到KH(IO3)2的溶液,要把酸式盐变为正盐KIO3,就要加碱来调节溶液的pH值。为了不引入新的杂质,所以要用KOH。该反应的方程式为KH(IO3)2+KOH=2KIO3+H2O

(3)反应I2+KClO3+H2O→KH(IO3)2+KCl+Cl2↑产生的氯气跟KOH反应生成KClO, KClO能将KIO3氧化成KIO4从而不能得到碘酸钾。导致操作失败,前功尽弃。

(4)检验加碘食盐中的碘元素,学生甲利用碘酸钾与碘化钾在酸性条件下发生反应KIO3+5KI+3H2SO4→3K2SO4+3I2+3H2O。由于I2容易溶解在四氯化碳而不容易溶解在水中,水与四氯化碳互不相溶,CCl4的密度比水大,I2溶解在CCl4中而使溶液呈紫色.所以用四氯化碳检验碘单质时,看到的明显现象有液体分层,下层液体呈现紫红色。

(5)由方程式得关系式:KIO3~3I2~6S2O32.n(S2O32)=2.0×10-3mol/L×0.010L=2.0×10-5mol.所以n(KIO3)= 2.0×10-5mol÷6=1/3×10-5mol.m(I)= (1/3×10-5mol)×127g/mol=127/3×10-5g=127/3×10-2mg.所以在该加碘食盐中碘的含量为m(I)÷m(总)= 127/3×10-2mg÷W×10-3kg=1270/3W mg/kg。

(6)① 该食盐中无KIO3,而实验中产生蓝色现象的可能是空气中的氧气在酸性条件下把I-氧化为I2单质。4KI+2H2SO4+O2=2K2SO4+3I2+3H2O。碘单质遇淀粉变蓝色。该反应的离子方程式为4I+4H+ +O2=2I2+2H2O。②乙的实验中加入过量KI溶液,根据学生丙的实验结果,可知空气中的氧气也会导致产生一部分的碘单质。所以学生乙的实验结果比真实值会偏大。

填空题
阅读理解

D

Some years ago factories had more freedom than they have now, and they did not need to be as careful as they must be today. They did not need to worry a lot about the safety of the new products (产品) that they developed. They did not have to pay much attention to the health and safety of the people who worked for them. Often new products were dangerous for the people who used them; often conditions in the work place had very bad effects on the health of the workers.

Of course sometimes there were real accidents which attracted the attention of governments and showed the need for changes. Also scientists who were doing research into the health of workers sometimes provided information which governments should pay attention to. At such times, there were inquiries(调查) into the causes of the accidents or the problems. New safety rules were often introduced as a result of these inquiries; however, the new rules came too late to protect the people who died or became seriously ill.

Today many governments have special departments which protect customers (顾客) and workers. In the U.S., for example, there is a department which tests new airplanes and gives warnings about possible problems. It also makes the rules that plane producers (生产商) must follow. Another department controls the foods and drugs that companies sell. A third department looks at the places where people work, and then reports any companies that are breaking the laws which protect the health and safety of workers. Of course, new government departments and new laws cannot prevent every accident or illness, but they are having some good results. Our work places are safer and cleaner than before. The planes and cars which we use for travel are better. Producers are thinking more about the safety and health of the people who buy and use their products.

67. Some years ago safety rules __________.

A. were put forward due to workers’ suggestions

B. came into being as a result of the workers’ needs

C. were introduced because many people were killed or seriously injured

D. were good enough to protect workers and customers

68. It can be inferred from the passage that in the past __________.

A. workers often got ill because of the poor working conditions

B. companies had less freedom to develop new products

C. many people were killed by dangerous products

D. factories were as careful as they are today

69. According to the passage, __________.

A. new laws have no good results at all

B. governments did not listen to scientists

C. governments paid no attention to the safety of products at all

D. in the past factories did not have to pay much attention to the health of workers

70. The main topic of the passage is __________.

A. conditions in the work place               B. the importance of government departments    

C. the freedom of factories                          D. the safety and health of workers and customers