问题 计算题

如图所示,质量为m的小球带有电量q的正电荷,中间有一孔套在足够长的绝缘杆上,杆与水平成α角,与球的摩擦系数为μ。此装置放在沿水平方向磁感应强度为B的匀强磁场之中,从高处将小球无初速释放,小球下滑过程中加速度的最大值是多少?小球运动速度的最大值是多少?

答案

    

题目分析:将小球由静止开始释放,小球受到重力、垂直于杆向上的洛伦兹力、垂直于杆的支持力和滑动摩擦力.开始阶段,洛伦兹力小于重力垂直杆向下的分力,杆对小球的支持力垂直杆向上,受力如图所示.

  

由牛顿第二定律有:

垂直杆方向:

沿杆方向:

  

小球向下做加速运动,洛伦兹力逐渐增大,支持力和滑动摩擦力逐渐减小,合力增大,加速度增大,当洛伦兹力等于重力垂直杆向下的分力时,支持力和摩擦力为零,合力最大,加速度最大,则有

此后,小球速度继续增大,当洛伦兹力大于重力垂直杆的分力时,杆对小球的支持力方向变为垂直于杆向下,受力情况如图所示,由牛顿第二定律有:

垂直杆方向:

沿杆方向:

  

可解得:

随着速度增大,滑动摩擦力增大,合力减小,加速度减小,当加速度减小到零,小球做匀速直线运动,速度达到最大,于是可得:

解得:

单项选择题
填空题

Small, Imperfectly Formed


One has to look a long time for an American politician of any political stripe who has failed to laud small businesses. Still, many have little clue as to what makes such businesses succeed or fail.
Federal agencies aimed at helping small business, such as the Small Business Administration and the Minority Business Development Agency, have been around for half a century, yet persistent differences remain between the performance of businesses founded by white, male entrepreneurs and the rest. Blacks are less likely to be self-employed, for example, and when they are their businesses, on average, have lower sales and profits than do their white-or Asian-owned counterparts. If researchers could explain the causes of these differences, policy-makers could (at least in theory) supply small businesses with more useful help.
Two researchers for the Census Bureau’s Centre for Economic Studies, Ron Jarmin and C.J. Krizan, recently published a working paper attempting to understand demographic differences behind small businesses’ success and failure. They concentrated on the years 2002 to 2005, with three databases at their disposal: the Survey of Business Owners, conducted every five years; the Longitudinal Foreign Trade Transaction Database, which includes every US export transaction between 1992 and 2005; and a database co-developed by Mr. Jarmin, which allowed the authors to track whether the owners of the firms in their sample had prior experience being their own bosses. By drawing from on the power of the Census’s data collection efforts, the authors hoped to create a more nuanced picture of business survival.
Some of their findings were not terribly surprising. A firm’s chances of survival, regardless of the race or sex of its owner, decreased in poorer areas; and the better the education of the founder, the more likely it was to succeed. Businesses owned by Asians, Hispanics, or Pacific Islanders were more likely to be exporters. Older entrepreneurs were more likely to use personal savings to start their businesses; younger owners were more likely to have to close up shop during the study period than were their middle-aged rivals.
However, the data also confirmed that black-and female-owned businesses tended to perform worse than the average. They were also less likely to have been funded by bank loans. Still, the businesses that survived, regardless of the owner’s race, tended to add employees at similar rates. Furthermore, after controlling for factors such as the education and race of the owner, there was no statistically significant difference in firms’ abilities to expand into different locations. Finally, black entrepreneurs were more likely to have a history of self-employment than their white counterparts. Messrs Jarmin and Krizan’s paper is not the first to suggest that black entrepreneurs, less likely to have other business owners in their family or personal networks, tend to "start small" when they venture out on their own.
Most researchers get to end their papers by speculating, usually without much fear of consequence, as to the policy implications of their work. The authors of this paper, not wishing to imply that the Census Bureau might have policy opinions, declined to do so. But the reader can make some guesses. One is that mentorship programmes may be particularly useful for promoting entrepreneurship among blacks. Another is that reaching out to businesses based on the owner’s race might be less useful than supporting businesses in poorer areas. And small businesses of all stripes would be helped by improving that other institution lauded by politicians: America’s education system.

Which of the following statements is true
A. Most small businesses are operated by white people.
B. Federal agencies have failed in giving small businesses much help.
C. Small businesses run by white male people are generally more profitable.
D. More federal agencies aimed at helping small businesses will be established.