问题 问答题 简答题

论述供应链管理形成和发展经历的几个阶段

答案

参考答案:

(1)萌芽阶段。

20世纪60-70年代,为生产而管理的业务链,在产品的数量和质量上的竞争,业务协调以“本位主义”味核心,企业内部职能化、区域化为特征,供应链成员之间关系松散,存在利益冲突。

实践:一部分企业职能部门在相互隔离环境中采用MRP/MPRⅱ,数据完整性差,信息缺乏同一性和集成性;理论:停留在开始探索和尝试阶段,无法提出较完善的管理理念和指导思想。

(2)初级阶段

20世纪80年代初到20世纪90年代初,供应链管理理念已形成了基本的雏形,开始指导实践进行初步的实践,学术上得到了较快的发展。1989年,STEVENS提出供应链管理的概念,包括企业内部集成和企业外部集成。实践上零售行业开始实施ECR、QR等典型的供应链策略和模型,信息技术的发展和大量应用,企业内部逐渐形成信息集成;企业之间的业务联系方式也不断改善。但是传统的供应链运作仍然多局限于企业内部,在供应链上仍然存在着大量的企业之间的目标冲突。

(3)形成阶段

20世纪90年代初到20世纪末,理论上、司机实践上突飞猛进的发展。企业从内部生产过程转向产品全生命周期的供应环节和整个供应链系统。

ERP和DPR、ASP、CRM、LIS、DW/DM、供应链决策等管理技术使得企业内部管理计划、执行到优化和决策供应链更上一层楼;企业外部个管理方面,利用客户关系管理的理念和技术,以市场和客户的满意度为企业经营的中心、共同挖掘和分享知识与价值,将企业资源紧密地与客户的需求相匹配,并快速响应和满足这些需求。尤其是建立合作伙伴、协调供应链运作理念;因特网和电子商务及其相关技术的出现,使得供应链管理实现了新的飞跃。

(4)成熟和发展阶段

21世纪以后,电子商务彻底改变了供应量上原有的物流、信息流、资金流的交互方式和实现手段,能够充分利用资源、提高效率、降低成本、提高服务质量。

进一步加强供应链成员之间的协同,特别是与下游成员之间的协同上。出现了VMI,CFAR,协同计划,CPFR、分销集成DI、3PL/4PL等模式;以及供应商关系管理SRM、产品生命周期管理PLM、供应链计划SCP、供应链执行SCE等系统。该时期供应链管理在计划和决策上特别强调:实时的可视性、前向的可预见性,以及供应链流程管理和事件管理的能力,以减少不良影响,快读响应,使整个供应链都取得最理想的目标效益。

阅读理解

OUR KIDS ARE AMAZING — especially compared with everybody else's (who seem to cry all the time). How do you show your love for your kids this holiday season? With toys that are smooth and colorful, interactive and exciting. And with ones that have educational value — because you are the boss.

1.FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

Here is a toy that doesn't need power — and the kids have to put it together themselves. This 50 - piece puzzle set is made of soft - edged hardwood and makes a complete hospital, with an X - ray room. It also includes eight patients, a car and a driver.  135; flaxart. com.

2.TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL

Sure, it's cool, but this colorful baby toy also develops problem solving and motor skills. It has a head and legs, a magnetic (磁性的) hand and a tail. Suitable for little ones from 6 to 36 months.  19. 95; tinylove. com.

3.ROBOSAPIEN

This small, remote - control robot is really powerful. It performs 67 preprogrammed functions, including throwing, kicking, picking up and dancing. You can even program your own function, which, sadly, does not include doing windows.  99; robosapienonline. com.

4.MINI PEDAL CAR

Want a Mini Cooper but can't fit the family inside? Get one for the kids. They can jump into this Mini car, which comes in hot orange with a single adjustable seat, and ride away. But it could spoil them for that used car they'll be driving when they turn 16. For ages 3 to 5.  189; mininss. com (click on “gear up, ” then “Mini motoring gear”) .

小题1:Which toy is said to have the special design for children's safety?

A.ROBOSAPIEN

B.MINI PEDAL CAR

C.FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

D.TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL小题2:Which toys are fit for three - year - old kids?

A.1 and 3.

B.2 and 4.

C.1 and 2.

D.3 and 4.小题3:Educational value is mentioned in all the toys EXCEPT ________.

A.FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

B.TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL

C.ROBOSAPIEN

D.MINI PEDAL CAR小题4:This passage is written for ________.

A.parents

B.children

C.the writer

D.the boss

单项选择题